自考05844国际商务英语复习(翻译)

1、5. Translation: 1 （1）国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。        International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves many fctors, and thus is more complicated than domestic business.  （2）随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司

2、能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。         With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enter

3、prises and personal advancement.  （3）其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。         Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.  （4）国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。 &#

4、160;       International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.  （5）除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。       &#

5、160; Besides trade and investment, International licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. 5. Translation: 2  （1）国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。         GNP and GDP are two important con

6、cepts used to indicate a countrys total income. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.   （2）要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。    &#

7、160;    In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income, because it reveals the average income level of consumers.   （3）世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家低收入国家。         Countries of the world are divided by

8、the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.   （4）中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。         China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few y

9、ears ago.   （5）就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小龙、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为另提供很好的商机。          So far as China is concerned, other market we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the four tiger, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. These count

10、ries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing business relations with them.5. Translation: 3  （1）过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。        The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integra

11、ton.   （2）最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。         The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.   （3）经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等

12、方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。         The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency.   （4）欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。 

13、0;     The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.   （5）APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚

14、、美国、加拿大、日本、朝鲜、新西兰和东盟六国。          APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra | attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries. 5. Translation:

15、 4  （1）经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。          Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.

16、60; （2）跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。           A MNCs shall be defined as a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country.   （3）许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。         

17、0; While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.   （4）跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。            Intra-MNE transactions constitute a very significant proportion of tota

18、l international trade.   （5）尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等 都由母公司来决定。            Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates, the major decision, such as those on corporate goals, new i

19、nvestments and their location, are made by the parent company.   （6）无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。            But like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development. 5. Translation: 5  （1）在复

20、杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。          In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.   （2）随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。          With the development of manufacturing and technology, the

21、re arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.   （3）按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。           According to the theory of comparative advantage both countries can gain from trade.   （4）比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。

22、           Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.   （5）比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。            Comparative adv

23、antage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. 5. Translation: 6   （1）一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。         The cost for the production of commodities will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.    （2）在实际中，即使完全

24、的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。         In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous.    （3）配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。         Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most com

25、mon form of non-tariff barriers.    （4）有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。         Visible trade involves the import and export of goods, and invisible trade involves the exchanges of services between countries.    （5）国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易

26、的混合。         The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.    （6）贸易不是建立在两个国家生产能力的差异上，而是建立在不同的消费爱好上。         Trade will be based not on differences in the pro

27、duction capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences.    （7）各国政府经常采取的贸易保护主义措施是贸易壁垒。典型的例子是关税和配额。由于战略或国内的原因，一个国家可能继续生产不具有优势的产品。           Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers t

28、o trade. And typical examples are tariffs and quotas. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage.5. Translation: 7  （1）包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。          Packing sh

29、ould be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.   （2）在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。       

30、   In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.   （3）进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来

31、非常方便。          The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.   （4）在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。          Under

32、all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.   （5）2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。          The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the inc

33、reased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.   （6）如果货物丢失受损或因某种原因没有运到，买卖双方的信任就会下降，可能会严重到引起法律纠纷的地步。          If the goods are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confid

34、ence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.   （7）买卖双方在制定合同时如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照，他们就肯定能简单、可靠地确定各自的责任。          When drawing up their contract, if buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, t

35、hey can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely. 5. Translation: 8  （1）合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。          A contract is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sue

36、d and forced to make compensation.   （2）口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。          Oral business negotiation refers to direct discussions conducted or through international trunk calls.   （3）买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。     

37、;     The buyer made quotation to get information about the goods to be ordered, and it is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.   （4）有效期对于实盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前实盘一直是有效的。          The validity period is indispens

38、able to a firm offer. An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.   （5）还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。           It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer i

39、s made.   （6）还盘可以针对发盘中的价格、付款条件、装运时间或其它的提出。           A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.   （7）合同背面的规定是合同的组成部分，对合同双方同样具有约束力。     

40、      The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are eaually binding upon the contracting parties.   （8）一个明智的出口商至少应在遇到非同寻常的订货时坚持要求按法规履约。           A reasonable exporter should at le

41、ast insist on strict observance of the legal requirements in case of orders that are not routine transactions5. Translations: 9 （1）对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。        Counter trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like d

42、ealing with foreign exchange shortages and promotion of exports.  （2）实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。        Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.  （3）回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。   

43、     Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.  （4）在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。         In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods

44、are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.  （5）尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。        Although there are several presumed advantages in counter trade, it can be very risky business.  （6）在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。        Am

45、ong other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.  （7）由于掩盖了交易的真正价格和成本，对销贸易可以掩盖并促使一国长期在市场上保持低下的效益。        By concealing the real prices and costs of transactions it may conceal and help perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the m

46、arket place.  （8）对销贸易成为一个将卖方的出口与从买方的进口联系起来的跨国界合同的术语总称。        Counter trade has become the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a sellers export to imports from the buyer. 5. Translation: 10（1）在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能。   Bot

47、h the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract. （2）为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。     Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade. （3）许多国际交易是通过汇票支付

48、的，汇票是对银行顾客的支付命令。     A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand. （4）即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。      D/P at sight requires immediate payment by

49、 the importer to get hold of the documents. （5）就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。     So far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favourable than D/P after sight, D/P is more beneficial than D/A.5. Translation: 11 （1） 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。   

50、     In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.  （2）信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。        This method of payment offers security to both the seller and the buyer.  （3）现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得

51、到实质性的发展。       Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.  （4）要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。       Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed l

52、etter of credit either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank.  （5）信用证的形式、长短、语言和规格各不相同。       Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations.  （6）双边保证是信用证独特的具有代表性的特征。    &

53、#160;  Bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit.  （7）对于卖方而言，只要他提交了准确无误的单据，就可以保证得到货款，而买方通过他在信用证中所规定的单据，保证可以得到所需要的货物。       The buyer has the security to get paid provided he presents impeccable documents while the seller ha

54、s the security to get the goods required through the documents he stipulates in the credit.  （8）信用证并不担保即是发票所开或所装运的货物。        L/C does not guarantee that the goods (purchased) will be those invoiced or shipped.  （9）银行只关心代表货物的单据，而不是所基于的合同，银行对于货物是否符合合同不承担法律责任。 &#

55、160;      The banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying contracts. They have no legal obligation whether the goods comply with the contract.  5. Translations: 12  （1）信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。     &#

56、160;   L/C falls under several categories depending on their function, form and mechanism.   （2）光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证。        Clean credit is generally used in non-trade settlement, and documentary credits are mostly used in international trade.

57、   （3）在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。         A sight credit is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.   （5）如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。 &

58、#160;         If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second

59、beneficiary.   （6）对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。           The L/C may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific condition

60、s.   （7）如果受益人希望在汇票到期前得到汇票款，他可以要求银行对承兑的L/C进行贴现，并且立即支付净值。           If the beneficiary wishes to get payment before the maturity of the draft, he can ask the bank to discount the acceptance, and immediately pay him the net proceeds. 5. Translations: 13

61、 （1）在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。         It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.  （2）商业发票，一般称作“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性的描述。   &#

62、160;     The commercial invoice, generally called “the invoice” for short, this document makes the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.  （3）货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。         It is neces

63、sary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportaion.  （4）已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。         An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound fo

64、r the port of destination.  （5）清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。         A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks abou

65、t the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.  （6）签发保单的日期可以早于签发提单的日期，但绝不能迟于提单签发日。     The date on which the document is issued can be made earlier but by no means later than the date of the bill of lading.  （7）商业发票是缮制其它单据的基础，银行依据它审核L/C条款和单据间的一致性，以及单据与单据间的一致性。  &#

66、160;      The commercial invoice constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared, and the banks check the conformity between credit terms and documents and the conformity between the documents. 5. Translation: 14  （1）毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。 &#

67、160;      There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.   （2）这些方式在动作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。        The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabil

68、ities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline, and air.   （3）过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。        The past decades has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportati

69、on capability.   （4）作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。        As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would if small communities had to be totally self-sufficient.   （5）最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。  &#

70、160;      A second factor that has thrusted the transportation function into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems. They are based on a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.   （6）运输业可能更容易地集中原材料和劳动力投入去生产某项具体的产品。         Transportation