论《呼啸山庄》中希思克利夫扭曲人性

1、论呼啸山庄中希思克利夫扭曲人性AcknowledgementsI would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper.摘 要艾米莉·勃朗特是十九世纪英国著名诗人和小说家，呼啸山庄是她的唯一一部小说，这部小说凝结了艾米莉短暂一生的全部心血，它主要叙述了希刺克厉夫与卡瑟林之间的爱情悲剧故事，探究他们之间爱情悲剧的

2、原因，主要是希刺克厉夫对自己伦理身份认识的不彻底性。为了摆脱这种因伦理身份所带来的失去爱人的痛苦，也为了报复当初虐待他的人，在感情受挫以后，希刺克厉夫开始转向对其他身份的寻找与探索。娶了伊莎蓓拉之后，他又有了另一个伦理身份丈夫，同时他也成了卡瑟琳的妹夫，在这样的过程中，他仍然追求着卡瑟琳，全然不顾他已是伊莎蓓拉的丈夫，而卡瑟琳也己成为伊莎蓓拉的哥哥林敦的妻子，他们之间的恋情再一次以悲剧收场。为什么相爱的人不能在一起?为什么得到当初阻碍他和卡瑟琳在一起的金钱和地位之后仍然不能得到卡瑟琳?这是希刺克厉夫的困惑，同时也正是他陷入疯狂复仇的直接原因，只有解开了这个困惑，堕落的希刺克厉夫才有被拯救的可能

3、。回顾了以往人们对呼啸山庄不同的争论然后运用弗罗伊德心理分析艾米莉创造出妖魔化的自己一希斯克利夫的原因。关键词:艾米莉·勃朗特;呼啸山庄;希斯克利夫;原型Abstract Emily Bronte, a well-known English poet and novelist in the nineteenth century, is the author of Wuthering Heights which is her only novel and combines great efforts of her brief life. This novel tells about a

4、 tragic love story of Heathcliff and Catherine. The hero Heathcliff, an adopted son in the fashion of "Actual Adoption", was Catherine's brother without blood relationship. Although their love was a violation of ethics, Heathcliff, who had never been fairly treated by his adoptive fath

5、er, couldn't get a thorough understanding of his ethics status. Therefore, when Heathcliff lost his lover as a brother, hoping breaking away from misery and taking vengeance on the man tortured him, he married Isabella, who was the sister of Catherine's husband. Impenetrably, he still payed

6、court to Catherine after marriage, and again their love landed up to a tragedy. Heathcliff was wondering why true lovers could not be with each other and why did he lost Catherine again when he became a nobleman after discarding his humble origin. It was the very perplexity that leads Heathcliff to

7、crazy revenge. Only the answer to this perplexity can lead to redemption of Heathcliff's spirit. This paper employs method of Ethical literary criticism to analyze Heathcliffs ethic confusion. Key words: Emily Bronte; Wuthering Heights; Heathcliff; Ethic statusContentsAcknowledgementsI摘 要IIAbstr

8、actIIIContentsIV1. Introduction12. Tragic Childhood Experience22.1 Little Heathcliff"s Abnormal Living Environment22.2 Bad Treatment from Hindley Leaving Permanent Invisible32.3 The Loss of Love from Catherine33.The "love" Leads to Destruction43.1The Extraordinary Strong Love53.3 Love

9、 and Hatred between Catherine and Heathcliff53.4 Catherine's Change in Love84. Heathcliff114.1 Heathcliff's Demonization114.2 Roots of Heathcliff's Demonization124.3 Manifestation of HeathclifF's Demonization155. Conclusion191. IntroductionWuthering Heigts is British female writer Em

10、ily Bronte's only novel. Now considered a classic of English literature, it met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, many horrified by the stark depictions of mental and physical cruelty. Though, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre was originally considered the best of the Bronte s

11、isters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Eamshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually d

12、estroys them and many around them. Why did Heathcliff stop revenging on Cathy and Hareton in the endThe first half of the novel mainly concerns the doomed romance, how deep the love between Heathcliff and Catherine is, and how Heathcliff is maltreated by Hindley. The second half details in Heathclif

13、f's vengeful reaction to Catherine's betrayal when she marries his rival, Edgar Linton. However, at the end of this story, Heathcliff finally stops caring to continue his vendetta and chooses death actually leaving the freedom to the young couple. Therefore, some argues that this choice show

14、s that Heathcliff finally recovered the humanity in his nature and repented for what he did. Written by Emily Bronte in the 19th century, Wuthering Heights is a unique novel concentrating on its main character Heathcliff's psychological struggle and tragic fate to reflect the complexity and dept

15、h of human being's inner nature. This paper aims at finding out the cause of Heathcliff's mad thoughts and extreme behavior in light of psychological analysis to interpret and better understand Heathcliff instead of only criticizing him, because he himself is the miserable victim as well tho

16、ugh actual1y he is a cruel persecutor who causes so much damage to those who surround him. Hopefully, we can through this analysis also find a way to relate Heathcliff's experience to modern people's psychological pressures and inner conflicts. 2. Tragic Childhood Experience2.1 Little Heathc

17、liff"s abnormal living environmentIt is generally accepted that one's character, and attitude and behavior are shaped by his living environment and influenced directly or indirectly by what they experienced in childhood unconsciously. Living in a normal environment will lead to the recognit

18、ion of one's own values and goals , the child will not lose himself in the wrong way but growing up in the direction of achieving his own values. But the indispensable factor is that he needs a warm atmosphere filled with love to provide safety, freedom, love and help. On the contrary, if being

19、surrounded by abnormal environment the child will have a strong sense of "basic anxiety", lack a sense of belonging and recognition, and finally develop towards all possible harmful directions. Heathcliff is a Gypsy orphan brought to Wuthering heights from Liverpool by Mr. Earnshaw. Living

20、 in this abnormal environment, Heathcliff can't get normal love from his parents like other children. At that time Gypsies were subjected to much discrimination, let alone the fact that he is an orphan in this big family. Thus he gets much discrimination, which makes him feel inferior to other p

21、eople and can't get a sense of belonging and self-recognition. Feeling lonely and helpless in this "basic anxiety", he can't get along with others sincerely but by various hostile ways. Thus, he cannot be the true one of himself and goes to the wrong way out of cycle. All of these

22、caused his strange characters and mad behaviors later on.2.2 Bad treatment from Hindley leaving permanent invisibleTo the competitor Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw's son Hindley treats him so badly and unfairly, plagued him shamefully and continually, e.g., beating him, locking him up at home, deprivi

23、ng the right to education. All these only leave permanent invisible scars in Heathcliff's fragile heart. According psychoanalysis, he will enhance his "basic anxiety", insecurity and loneliness tompared with those negative factors existed before. He will feel more helplessness, despair

24、 and hate.2.3 The loss of love from Catherine To Heathcliff, the only consolation is from Catherine whom he loves most. He loves Catherine so deeply that he can sacrifice anything even his life. But out of vanity, she decides to marry Linton for a better and richer future though she loves him as wel

25、l. Such wide distance can only offer him more despair and fear. Heathcliff has no power to change but to avoid and escape. According to Freud's theory, this sexual psychological hurts will cause great hate and psychoneuroses.3.The "love" leads to destructionThe theme throughout the who

26、le piece of Wuthering heights is strange love and hate between two generations. Love is the source of hate, and hate is the alienation of love. When love has ruined, it bursts into extreme hate. While hate persecution does not put out the birth of love. In this work, the marvelous love between Heath

27、cliff and Catherine is the most memorable love. British art critics Kaiser said："The core and essence of the novel is Catherine and Heathcliff”s love Story. “Heath cliff and Catherines love is very unusual and their love not only crosses the money, caste, status, background, appearance temperam

28、ent, culture, education, the traditional boundaries and so on, even death cannot cut off them.Their love is a kind of powerful feelings as the wind and heavy rains, coming fiercely and desperately, which shocks us greatly and sometimes even causes a feeling of fear that their love can destroy everyt

29、hing. We can not treat and evaluate it with traditional thought and ethics. This love is the soul and essence of the whole book. We can say that if there is no this kind of love, there is no Wuthering Heights.3.1The extraordinary strong loveThe theme throughout the whole piece of Wuthering heights i

30、s strange love and hate between two generations. Love is the source of hate, and hate is the alienation of love. When love has ruined, it bursts into extreme hate. While hate persecution does not put out the birth of love. In this work, the marvelous love between Heathcliff and Catherine is the most

31、 memorable love. British art critics Kaiser said："The core and essence of the novel is Catherine and Heathcliff”s love Story. “Heath cliff and Catherines love is very unusual and their love not only crosses the money, caste, status, background, appearance temperament, culture, education, the tr

32、aditional boundaries and so on, even death cannot cut off them.Their love is a kind of powerful feelings as the wind and heavy rains, coming fiercely and desperately, which shocks us greatly and sometimes even causes a feeling of fear that their love can destroy everything. We can not treat and eval

33、uate it with traditional thought and ethics. This love is the soul and essence of the whole book. We can say that if there is no this kind of love, there is no Wuthering Heights.3.3 Love and Hatred between Catherine and HeathcliffMarx thought that if the relationship between man and man or between m

34、an and nature was not active, but passive, man would lose himself, degenerate in nature, and become alienated. Wealth, status or power played a very important role in such alienation0. Generally speaking, in a complicated society, wealth, status and power could not be simultaneously obtained with si

35、ncere love, as the Chinese proverb goes that you could not hope to get fish and bear's paw at the same time. No matter how pure the love was, it could hardly last long when confronting the temptation of wealth, status or power. Pure love and dirty greed for wealth, power or status constituted a

36、couple of contradictions. When facing love and greed, most people would selfishly betray their love which was a kind of men's spiritual need and choose the material incentive that could satisfy their greed, because they vulgarly regarded wealth, status and power as the medium to seeking their ow

37、n happiness. This happiness-seeking was a practice of extreme selfishness, depending on destroying others' happiness. It was unreasonable to doubt Heathcliff's love for Catherine, because it was pure to some extent and it contained the characteristics of radiation. After Mr. Earnshaw's d

38、eath, Catherine could have no one to love except Heathcliff, this alone suggested that it was impossible for Heathcliff to both love her and love her dog. In what ways did his love's radiation reflect? It was noticeable that his love for Catherine made him tolerate all the cruel treatments he re

39、ceived. His love nearly occupied his whole mind, so that there was no place in his mind for the consideration of taking revenge on those who were cruel to him, needless to say taking it into practice. Even when Hindley drove him "from their company to the servants, deprived him of the instructi

40、ons of the curate, and insisted that he should labour out of door instead; compelling him to do so as hard as any other lad on the farm", Heathcliff "bore his degradation pretty well at first before Catherine came back from Thushcross Grange, because Catherine "taught him what she lea

41、rnt, and worked or played with him in the fields"0. Marianne Thormahlen was aware of this radiative tolerance when she said "The boy Heathcliff lives reasonably comfortably under old Mr. Earnshaw's rule miserably under Hindley's; bllt closeness to Catherine is enough to keep him, h

42、owever morose, at the Heights". However, Catherine's decision to marry Edgar made Heathcliff fall into the greatest misery and reduced him to a state of degradation, which was far more terrible than the servitude of his boyhood. Catherine's greed for wealth, status and power made her se

43、lfishly abandon Heathcliff who then turned aside "blindly from the path of freedom and openness and casthimself in the iron mold of revenge". Heathcliff's love for Catherine, therefore, was both sincere and selfish. A complete and sincere love needed neither reason nor repay. But Heath

44、cliff's love for Catherine was grounded on the assumption to get it returned from Catherine. If Heathcliff's love for Catherine were not self-serving, he would not have transferred his love to hatred and revenge after being abandoned by Catherine. To sum up, while Catherine's love embodi

45、ed in her satisfying her greed for wealth, status and power by hurting others, Heathcliff's love embodied in his strong, violent and obligatory demand .for an absolute repay from Catherine. Both loves were selfish, revealing that Catherine and Heathcliff were extremely selfish people. "It i

46、s the self-love that sets the disastrous train of events in motion" Catherine's self-love made Heathcliff degenerate, and Heathcliff's self love brought disasters to the two families. 3.4 Catherine's Change in LoveAt the beginning of Chapter 3, Mr. Lockwood was led to a chamber abou

47、t which Heathcliff had an odd notion, and he found some writings on the paint of the window sill: "This writing, however, was nothing but a name repeated in all kinds of characters, large and small-Catherine Earnshaw, here and there varied to Catherine Heathcliff and again to Catherine Linton.T

48、hese three names herself: "it would degrade me to marry Heathcliff, now,"0 while her choice of Edgar would mean something very different: "he is handsome, and pleasant to be with. "And because he is young and cheerful. "And because he loves me." And he will be rich, and

49、 I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband."This explanation by Catherine showed, in Arnold Shapiro's words, that "she will marry Edgar because he is rich and handsome and because he loves her cake and eat it too". To

50、 sum up, the reason Catherine changed her love from Heathcliff to Edgar was a result of her greed for wealth, power and status. She deliberately abandoned Heathcliff, even though she knew it would cause him to suffer. She was conscious that her marriage to Edgar could help her more effectively in he

51、r pursuance of her own satisfaction. Therefore, Catherine's change in love from Heathcliff to Edgar "is a fact of betrayal for her own greed. It is a moral failure and plunges the world into chaos. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence".3.5 Heathcliff's Greed from Losing Cath

52、erines love A key theme of Wuthering Heights was Heathcliff's revenge and this revenge was related partly with Catherine's betrayal and partly with his natural instinct. To E. L. Gilbert, the natural instinct of Heathcliff was one that was evil, since it was "the darkness and violence t

53、hat was in Heathcliff from the beginning, as it is in every man. And because this darkness is so primal and so universal, it can never be overcome"0. But there still remained the question: was Heathcliff born evil? As there exists no first-hand information concerning Emily's opinions in cre

54、ating Wuthering Heights, the alternative way is to turn to her poems as asource of insight into her personality, philosophy, and imagination. This would A key theme of Wuthering Heights was Heathcliff's revenge and this revenge was related partly with Catherine's betrayal and partly with his

55、 natural instinct. To E. L. Gilbert, the natural instinct of Heathcliff was one that was evil, since it was "the darkness and violence that was in Heatheliff from the beginning, as it is in every man. And because this darkness is so primal and so universal, it can never be overcome"0. But

56、there still remained the question: was Heathcliff born evil? As there exists no first-hand information concerning Emily's opinions in creating Wuthering Heights, the alternative way is to turn to her poems as a source of insight into her personality, philosophy, and imagination. This would help

57、us to find what Bradner called "their possible connection with the origin of the character of Heathcliff. One of the her poems written in 1837 seemed to refute E. L. Gilbert's idea that Heathcliff's darkness was from the beginning, namely, Heathcliff was a born evil. Part of the poem re

58、ad: Darling enthusiast, holy child, too good for this world's warring wild; Too heavenly now, but doomed to be Hell-like in heart and misery. The theme of this poem was entirely tragic, and it prophesied a dark and evil fate for a child. This prophecy might well be applied to Heathcliff's ca

59、reer, although it was hard to think of him as a "holy child". However, since Wuthering Heights left us nothing of Heathcliff's birth and early childhood, how could we draw the conclusion that Heathclff was evil in his origin? This poem seemed to suggest that "the idea of a harmles

60、s and innocent child growing up to become involved in cruelty and crime was occupying Emily's mind at this time (in her childhood)." If this could prove true, then it might be more reasonable to say that Heathcliff was not born evil. But again we could not thus say that he was born kind, as we have said earlier that kindness or wickedness belonged to the social attribute. The above discussion shows that Catherine's betrayal of Heathcliff was the cause of Heathcliff's darkness w