汽车概论外语2.

1、1/861.1.2 BUS1.1.2.1 BUSES FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION1.1.2.3 OTHER TYPES OF BUSES1.1.2.2 MOTORCOACHES2/86TYPES OF BUSESAMERICA CHINAName Bus length (m)Commuter busUrban bus, City busMedium (7L10) orLarge(10L12*)MotorcoachIntercity busDouble-decker busDouble-decker bus10L12*Articulated busArticulated b

2、usL18MicrobusL3.5MinibusLight bus3.5L7MidibusMedium bus7L10Trolley busTrolley bus*Length of a triple-axle single unit bus can be up to 13.7 m.3/861.1.2.1 BUSES FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION Commuter buses usually have two axles (duallies on the drive axle), and two doors (one front, one mid-rear), allowi

3、ng efficient internal traffic flow. Their seats are usually fixed and limited, leaving room for standing passengers. Double-decker buses, articulated buses or extra-long triple-axle buses are usually used on urban routes with heavy passenger loads. School buses are lighter, they have only one passen

4、ger door, seats are more closely spaced, and no standing room.4/86EXAMPLE OF TYPICAL COMMUTER BUSOverall length 12 m Capacity 100 passengers5/86EXAMPLE OFDOUBLE-DECKER BUSNEOPLAN SKYLINEROverall length 13.7 m Number of seats 1+42+61 6/86EXAMPLE OF ARTICULATED BUSOverall length 18 m Capacity 150 pass

5、engers 7/86EXAMPLE OF SCHOOL BUS(NORTH AMERICAN VERSION)8/861.1.2.2 MOTORCOACH Motorcoaches, also known as intercity buses, are heavier, with usually three axles, one passenger door and no standing room. Seats are usually soft and are able to recline. The floor is high, allowing large under-floor lu

6、ggage compartments. Besides their use for intercity transportation, motorcoaches are used for long-distance airport shuttle services, local touring and chatter for large groups.9/86EXAMPLE OF MOTORCOACHOverall length 12 m Number of seats 1+5310/861.1.2.3 OTHER TYPES OF BUSES Minibuses are one size u

7、p from large passenger vans, and seat up to 25 passengers. Some may have a small space for luggage. Midibuses, or mid-sized buses, are larger than minibuses, but smaller than motorcoaches, thus seating between 26 and 47. they can be front- or rear-engined, and have a variety of designs depending on

8、needs. Shuttle bus provides service between two destinations. Tour bus service shows tourists notable sights by bus. Parking lot trams are specialized form of bus, found in parking lots of amusement parks. Those vehicles consist of an engine-car chained up to a passenger-carrying trailer or number o

9、f trailers, thus making a kind of road train. 11/86EXAMPLE OF MINIBUSFORD TRANSITDiesel engine 2.4 L Number of seats 15Overall length 6403 mm Overall width 2000 mmPrice RMB 19880012/86EXAMPLE OF MIDIBUSOverall length 8.96 m Number of seats 1+41 13/86EXAMPLE OF SHUTTLE BUS AIRBUSOverall length 13 m O

10、verall width 3 m14/86EXAMPLE OF PARKING LOT TRAM15/861.1.3 TRUCK1.1.3.1 AMERICAN DEFINITIONS1.1.3.2 CHINESE DEFINITIONS1.1.3.3 EXTERIOR FEATURES16/861.1.3.1 AMERICAN DEFINITIONS The following definitions are given by the United States Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Trucks are motor vehicles

11、to carry goods. They are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, including power and trailer units.17/86TYPES OF TRUCKS GIVEN BY FHWATypeNumber of axlesNumber of unitsNumber of trailers123234 or more104564 or more56 or more217895 or fewer67 or more3 or more2 or more18/86EXAMPLES O

12、F TRUCK AXLES AND UNITSAxles358Units123Trailers01219/861.1.3.2 CHINESE DEFINITIONS In China, trucks are classified by their gross mass. Only a single truck unit is considered. Types of off-road trucks are not included in the following table.Type Gross mass (t)Mini truckLight truckMedium truckHeavy t

13、ruckM1.81.8M66M14M1420/861.1.3.3 EXTERIOR FEATURES The normal controlled type has a “long nose” and provides some front panels (hood, fenders, etc.) to cover the engines and front wheels. The drivers seat and the control devices are behind the engine. This type is also called CBE (cab behind engine)

14、 type. The forward controlled type puts the drivers seat and the control devices over the engine, thus the front panels are not required (flat nose). This type is also called COE (cab over engine) type. According to its exterior features, the cab of the truck can be classified into two types: 21/861

15、.1.4 OTHER TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES1.1.4.1 MODIFICATIONS1.1.4.2 RACING CAR22/861.1.4.1 MODIFICATIONS Modifications are rebuilt on the chassis of mass production motor vehicles to meet particular requirements. Many modifications are provided with special equipments to carry out special tasks. In China

16、, they are called special purpose vehicles. Special purpose vehicles are classified into two types vehicles for special transportation and vehicles for special work.23/86EXAMPLES OF VEHICLES FORSPECIAL TRANSPORTATION Vehicles for special transportation are used to carry special goods. TANKERCEMENT M

17、IXERDUMPER24/86EXAMPLES OF VEHICLES FORSPECIAL WORK Vehicles for special work have special equipments to meet the requirements for special work. AMBULANCEGABAGE DISPOSAL TRUCKLADDER TRUCKICE CREAM CAR25/861.1.4.2 RACING CAR Racing car is constructed for particular race criteria. There are quite many

18、 worldwide famous motor races such as Formula one, Le Mans 24 hours, Rally and Indianapolis 500. Because the components of racing cars might be examined under critical conditions during the competitions, smart constructions should be made using cutting-edge technologies.26/86EXAMPLES OF WORLDWIDE FA

19、MOUS MOTOR RACESFORMULA ONERALLYDRAG RACELA MANS 24 HOURS27/861.2 MOTOR VEHICLE AND SOCIETY1.2.2 PILLAR INDUSTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY1.2.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORTATION TOOL1.2.3 INDICATOR OF LATEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY1.2.4 CHANGE OF LIVING STYLE1.2.5 PROBLEMS CREATED BY MOTOR VEHICLES28/861.2

20、.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORTATION TOOL Railway train, water ship and airplane are transportation tools can only function along lines and points. Motor vehicle is a kind of transportation tool functioning on surface and has the advantage of “door to door” convenience. Railway trainWater shipAirpla

21、neLinesRailwayWater routeAirlinePointsRailway stationWharfAirport29/86 IMPORTANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES The top place of transportation quantity The largest amount compared with the other kinds of machine products High average rate of ownership Keep pace with peoples daily activities Speed up work effic

22、iency and living tempo30/861.2.2 PILLAR INDUSTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY Annual production is nearly 70 million units Wide involvement in national economy Huge demand for labor force Highly profitable31/86Top 15 Motor Vehicle Producing Countriesin 2006RankCountryProduction (1000 units)RankCountryProduct

23、ion (1000 units)12345678U.S.A.JapanChinaGermanyS. KoreaFranceSpainCanada 10 802 10 774 7 280 5 601 3 828 3 100 2 698 2 4979101112131415BrazilMexicoIndiaU.K.RussiaThailandItaly 2 471 1 956 1 684 1 629 1 392 1 281 1 165 Total global Production 67 26532/86Wide Involvement in National Economy33/86Huge D

24、emand for Labor ForceComparison of Laborers in Three Countries(1000 people)ItemU.S.JapanChinaNumber of laborers in automotive areasTotal number of laborers in the countryRatio of the upper two items 21 000 129 520 1/6 7 270 64 360 1/9 30 000 202 000* 1/7* Laborers in cities and towns, total laborers

25、 in China are about 800 million.34/86Highly ProfitableRank of Powerful Automotive Firms among Global Top 500 Companies in 2006RankAutomotive FirmRevenues($millions)RankAutomotive FirmRevenues($millions)5789173141607879GMDaimler-ChryslerToyota MotorFord MotorVolkswagenHonda MotorNissan MotorPeugeotBM

26、WFiat 192 604 186 106 185 805 177 210 118 377 85 511 83 274 69 915 57 973 57 83480100178235249345470475491Hyundai MotorRenaultVolvoMazda MotorSuzuki MotorMitsubishi MotorsChina FAWShanghai AutomotiveIsuzu Motors 57 435 51 365 32 184 25 789 24 258 18 725 14 511 14 057 13 97135/861.2.3 INDICATOR OF LATEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Le