火车类论文外文翻译

1、InterlockingIn railway signaling, an interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that prevents conflicting movements through an arrangement of tracks such as junctions or crossings。 The signaling appliances and tracks are sometimes collectively referred to as an interlocking plant。 An interlo

2、cking is designed so that it is impossible to give clear sig nals to trai ns uni ess the route to be used is proved to be safeIn North America, the official railroad definition of interlocking is： " An arrangement of signals and signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succ

3、eed each other in proper sequence。"Interlocking typesInterlockings can be categorized as mechanical, electrical (relay-based), or electronic/computer-based。Mechanical interlockingIn mechanical interlocking plants, a locking bed is constructed, consisting of steel bars forming a grid。 The levers

4、 that operate switches, derails, signals or other appliances are connected to the bars running in one direction 。 The bars are constructed so that, if the function controlled by a given lever conflicts with that controlled by another lever, mechanical interference is set up in the cross locking betw

5、een the two bars, in turn preventing the conflicting lever movement from being made。In purely mechanical plants, the levers operate the field devices, such as signals, directly via a mechanical rodding or wire connection。 The levers are about shoulder height since they must supply a mechanical advan

6、tage for the operator。 Cross locking of levers was effected such that the extra leverage could not defeat the locking (preliminary latch lock) 。Electro-mechanical interlockingPower interlockings may also use mechanical locking to ensure the proper sequencing of levers, but the levers are considerabl

7、y smaller as they themselves do not directly control the field devices。If the lever is free to move based on the locking bed, contacts on the levers actuate the switches and signals which are operated electrically or electro-pneumatically。 Before a control lever may be moved into a position which wo

8、uld release other levers, an indication must be received from the field eleme nt that it has actually moved into the positi on requestedRelay interlockingInterlockings effected purely electrically (sometimes referred to as "all-electric") consist of complex circuitry made up of relays that

9、 ascertain the state or position of each signal appliance。 As appliances are operated, their change of position opens some circuits that lock out other appliances that would conflict with the new position。 Similarly, other circuits are closed when the appliances they control become safe to operate。

10、Equipment used for railroad signalling tends to be expensive because of its specialized n ature and fail-safe designInterlockings operated solely by electrical circuitry may be operated locally or remotely。 Furthermore, such an interlocking may be designed to operate without a human operator。 These

11、arrangementsare termed automatic interlockings, and the approach of a train sets its own route automatically, provided no conflicting moveme nts are in progress“Entranc-eExit Interlocking (NX)” was the original brand name of the first generation tube relay based Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) int

12、erlocking system developed in the 1940s by GRS。Its first installation was on the New York Central Railroad main line between Utica, New York and Rochester, New York, and this was quickly followed up by three installations on the New York City Transit System in 1948：On their Fulton Street-8th Avenue

13、Line：Between Shepherd Avenue station and the end of track 1,569 feet south of Euclid Avenue station。Between Euclid Avenue station and the end of track in Pitkin Yard。 This yard had 44 tracks at the time, and three laddersOn their Queens Boulevard Line between the 169th Street station and the end of

14、track 1,584 feet north of 179th Street statio n on both levelsThe success of these installations resulted in the New York Central RR adding additional installations as money permitted, while NYCTS cancelled all further orders for relay in terlock ing systems, and has in stalled on ly electro nic sys

15、tems since the nRelay interlocking systems were often used in large and busy stations that have to handle high volumes of train movements。 Since the 1980s, new interlockings have tended to be of the electronic variety, which effect electronically what was previously effected with relays。Electronic i

16、nterlockingModern interlockings those installed since the late 1980s are generally solid state, where the wired networks of relays are replaced by software logic running on special-purpose control hardware。 The fact that the logic is implemented by software rather than hard-wired circuitry greatly f

17、acilitates the ability to make modifications when needed by reprogramming rather than rewiring。Regardless of the technology used, interlockings are designed to ensure that no operati on can be performed uni ess all prerequisites have bee n satisfied"Solid State Interlocking" (SSI) is the b

18、rand name of the first generation processor-basedinterlocking developed in the 1980s by British Rail, GEC-General Signal and Westinghouse Signals Ltd in the UK。 Second generation processor-based interlockings are known by the term "Computer Based Interlocking", of which MicroLok is one exa

19、mple。Defined forms of lockingElectric locking：“The combination of one or more electric locks and controlling circuits by means of which levers in an interlocking machine, or switches or other devices operated in connection with signaling and interlocking, are secured against operation under certain

20、conditions 。”Section locking：“Electric locking effective while a train occupies a given section of a route and adapted to prevent manipulation of levers that would endanger the train while it is within that section 。”Route locking：“Electriclocking taking effect when a train passes a signal and adapt

21、ed to prevent manipulation of levers that would endanger the train while it is within the limits of the route entered。”Sectional route locking：“Routelocking so arranged that a train, in clearing each section of the route, releases the locking affecting that section。”Approach locking：“Electric locikn

22、g effective while a train is approaching a signal that has been set for it to proceed and adapted to prevent manipulation of levers or devices that would endanger that train。”Stick locking：“Electric locking taking effect upon the setting of a signalfor a train to proceed,released by a passing train,

23、 and adapted to prevent manipulation of levers that would endanger an approaching train。”Indication locking ：“ Electric locking adapted to prevent any manipulation of levers that would bring about an unsafe condition in case a signal, switch, or other operated device fails to make a movement corresp

24、onding with that of the operating lever; or adapted directly to prevent the operation of one device in case another device fails to make the required movement”。Check locking or traffic locking ：“ Electriclocking that enforces cooperation between the Operators at two adjacent plants in such a manner

25、that prevents opposing signals governing the same track from being set to proceed at the same time In addition, after a signal has been cleared and accepted by a train, check locking prevents an opposing signal at the adjacent interlocking plant from being cleared until the train has passed through

26、that plant 。”Complete and incomplete interlockingsInterlockings allow trains to cross from one track to another using a "turnout" and a series of switches。 Railroad terminology defines the following types of Interlockings as either "complete" or "incomplete" depending o

27、n the movements available。 Although timetables generally do not identify an interlocking as one or the other, and rule books do not define the terms, the below is generally agreed upon by system crews and rules officials。Complete interlockings allow continuous movements from any track on one side of

28、 the interlocking to any track on the opposite side without the use of a reverse move within the limits of the interlocking 。Incomplete interlockings do not allow such movements as described above。 Movements in an incomplete interlocking may be limited and may even require reverse moveme nts to achi

29、eve the desired route译文联锁在铁道信号中， 联锁系统是信号装置的一种约定， 这些信号装置通过线路的 安排来防止冲突运动。 信号设备和轨道有时候统称为联锁机构。 联锁机构的设计 是为了只有当确认将要使用的线路安全时才能开放允许信号。在北美，联锁的官方定义是： “一种信号和信号设备之间的相互关系，它们如此的相关以至于它们的动作必须在适当的序列中来保证对方的成功 ”。联锁类型联锁系统可分为机械， 电气联锁 （基于继电器的 ）或基于电子设备 /计算机的联 锁机械联锁在机械联锁装置中， 构造了一个锁床， 包括由钢筋形成的一个网格。 控制开 关转辙机信号机和其他设备的操作杆被连到一个

30、横杠上， 向同一个方向操作。 这 些横杠是这样构造的： 如果某一操作杆的功能和另一操作杆的功能冲突， 在两个 横杠间建立起机械联锁， 来阻止矛盾的操作杠动作影响即将进行的操作， 在纯机 械联锁中，有杠杆操作现场设备，例如，信号机，直接通过连杆或绳索连接。杠 杆大约有肩高从而为操作者提供机械优势， 杠杆十字锁非常好用因此杠杆的其他 作用不能比过锁 （初步闩锁 ）机电联锁电力联锁设备也可以使用机械锁， 以确保杠杆顺序适当， 但杠杆相当小， 因 为它们本身并不直接控制现场设备。 如果杠杆基于锁床可以自由动作， 连接到杠 杆上的开动开关和信号机就可以电力控制和电气控制， 能够释放其他杠杆的杠杆 在动作

31、前必须从外部接到指令证明它已经进入到指定位置。继电联锁纯电力联锁 （有时称为全电力 ）包含一个由继电器组成的复杂的电路，它能够 确定每个信号机构的状态或位置。当设备运行的时候，他们状态的改变将打开一些电路来锁定将和新状态冲突 的其他设备。 同样的，当运行的设备安全是其他电路会被关闭。 因为继电联锁的 专业性和故障 -安全设计使得信号设备非常的昂贵。无论本地还是远程的联锁设备都完全由电路进行控制， 此外，无人操控的联 锁设备很可能被设计出来。 这些安排被称作自动联锁火车自动安排进路进路而不 引起任何矛盾运动的途径取得了一定得进展20世纪40年代GRSS计出了最初被称为 入口-出口联锁”的第一代继电集中 联锁装置。 1948 年这种设备首次安装在了美国中央铁路线，纽约州的尤蒂卡和 罗彻斯特之间的铁路干线上。 并且纽约市交通系统中紧跟着又安装了三套联锁设 备：在其富尔顿街，第八大道线：谢泼德大道站和欧几里得大道站之间的 1569 英尺的铁路线上。欧几里德大街站和皮特金场间的铁路线上，其中包括 44 条铁 路线和 3 个阶梯。在其皇后大道上第一六九街车站向北到第 179 街车站之间的 1,584 英里的铁路线上。 这种联锁装置在纽约的成功给它增加了额外设施资金允 许，同时NYCTSS步取消了所有的继电器联锁系统订单， 从那时起只安装了电 子联锁设备。继电器联锁