兽医专业英语作业(1)VIP

1、编辑pptCytokines细胞因子细胞因子编辑ppt Cytokines are proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that mediate many of the functions of these cells. Cytokines are produced in response to microbes and other antigens, and different cytokines stimulate diverse responses of cells involved in immu

2、nity and inflammation. 细胞因子是先天性和获得性免疫细胞所分泌的蛋细胞因子是先天性和获得性免疫细胞所分泌的蛋白，调节这些细胞多种功能。细胞因子的产生是白，调节这些细胞多种功能。细胞因子的产生是为了应答微生物和其他抗原，并且不同的细胞因为了应答微生物和其他抗原，并且不同的细胞因子刺激参与免疫和炎症反应的细胞多种应答。子刺激参与免疫和炎症反应的细胞多种应答。 编辑ppt In the activation phase of immune responses, cytokines stimulate the growth and dirrerentiation （分化） of

3、lymphocytes, and in the effector phases of innate and adaptive immunity, they activate different effector cells to eliminate microbes and other antigens. 在免疫应答的激活阶段，细胞因子刺激淋巴细胞在免疫应答的激活阶段，细胞因子刺激淋巴细胞的发育与分化，在先天免疫和适应性免疫的效应的发育与分化，在先天免疫和适应性免疫的效应阶段，细胞因子激活不同的效应细胞来消除微生阶段，细胞因子激活不同的效应细胞来消除微生物和其他抗原。物和其他抗原。 编辑ppt

4、 Cytokines also stimulate the development of hematopoietic cells. In clinical medicine, cytokines are important as therapeutic agents or as targets for specific antagonists in numerous immune and inflammatory diseases.细胞因子也刺激造血细胞的发育。在临床医细胞因子也刺激造血细胞的发育。在临床医学，细胞因子作为治疗药物或特殊对抗药的学，细胞因子作为治疗药物或特殊对抗药的靶物在多种免

5、疫性疾病和炎症疾病中有重要靶物在多种免疫性疾病和炎症疾病中有重要作用。作用。 编辑ppt The nomenclature of cytokines is often based on their cellular sources. Cytokines that are produced by mononuclear phagocytes are sometimes called monokines, and those produced by lymphocytes are commonly called lymphokines. cells. 细胞因子是根据其细胞来源来命名。单核巨噬细胞产

6、细胞因子是根据其细胞来源来命名。单核巨噬细胞产生的细胞因子有时候叫做单核因子，淋巴细胞产生的生的细胞因子有时候叫做单核因子，淋巴细胞产生的细胞因子通常称为淋巴因子。细胞因子通常称为淋巴因子。编辑ppt With the advent of （随着的出现 ）molecular cloning, it has become clear that the same protein may be synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes, and a variety of tissue cells, including endothelial cells and so

7、me epithelial cells. 随着分子克隆的出现，已逐渐明了的是，相同的细胞随着分子克隆的出现，已逐渐明了的是，相同的细胞因子可能由淋巴细胞、单核细胞和包括内皮细胞和上因子可能由淋巴细胞、单核细胞和包括内皮细胞和上皮细胞在内的多种组织细胞合成。皮细胞在内的多种组织细胞合成。 编辑ppt Therefore, the generic term cytokines has become the preferred name for this class of mediators because many cytokines are made by leukocytes (e.g., m

8、acrophages or T cells) and act on other leukocytes, they are also called interleukins (IL). 因为许多细胞因子由白细胞（如巨噬细胞或因为许多细胞因子由白细胞（如巨噬细胞或T细胞）细胞）合成并作用于其他白细胞，因此通用术语细胞因子已合成并作用于其他白细胞，因此通用术语细胞因子已经成为这类介质的首选名称，它们也可称为白细胞介经成为这类介质的首选名称，它们也可称为白细胞介素。素。 编辑ppt This term is imperfect, because many cytokines that are synt

9、hesized only by leukocytes and that act only on leukocytes are not called interleukins, for historical reasons, whereas many cytokines called interleukins are made by and act on cells other than leukocytes. 这种术语是不完全的，因为由于历史原因许多只由白这种术语是不完全的，因为由于历史原因许多只由白细胞合成并且只作用于白细胞的细胞因子并不叫做白细胞合成并且只作用于白细胞的细胞因子并不叫做白细

10、胞介素，反而许多叫做白细胞介素的细胞因子并非细胞介素，反而许多叫做白细胞介素的细胞因子并非由白细胞生成并不作用于白细胞。由白细胞生成并不作用于白细胞。 编辑ppt Nevertheless, the term has been useful because as new cytokines are molecularly characterized, they are assigned an IL number (e.g., IL-1, IL-2; and so on) to maintain a santdard nomenclature. Cytokines are also increasingly used in clinical situations and in animal studies to stimulate or inhibit inflammation, immunity, and hematopoiesis. In this setting, cytokines are often referred to as biologic response modifiers.虽然如此，这个术语一直被沿用，因为随着新的细胞虽然如此，这个术语一直被沿用，因为随着新的细胞因子的分子特征被确定，那么它们就被指派一个因子的分子特征被确定，那么它们就被