英译汉教程2_英语和汉语的对照研究

1、Chapter 2 Contrastive studies of English and Chinese A brief introduction to the histories of the two languages The nine language families of the world English belongs to the Endo-European family(印欧语系) Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系)The seven ages of English Pre-English period(-c.AD

2、450) Early old English(450-c.850) Later old English (c.850-1150) Middle English (c.1150-1450) Early modern English (c.1450-1750) Modern English(c.1750-1950) Late modern English(c.1950-)The five major linguistic influences on English Celtic (before the Roman invasion) Latin (the Roman invasion in c.5

3、5 BC introduced Latin to Britain; an important influence through church, education, etc.) Anglo-Saxons (Anglo-Saxon invasion in c. AD 499; Germanic dialects) Scandinavian( Scandinavian invasion; Danes, Norwegians, etc) French (the Norman conquest; Norman French )Some major factors affecting Chinese

4、第一部汉语语法 五四运动, 白话文,普通话,现代汉语 汉语重悟性, 英语重理性 表意文字, 拼音文字 汉语来源单一,不如英语来源混杂多元,汉语外来词相对较少,不如英语开放 汉语多种文体和风格 儒释道三教影响,历代名人,名作等造就无数典故,成语,格言,箴言,名言.English VS. Chinese: synthetic vs. analytic Synthetic (综合语) frequent use of inflected forms(屈折变化) to express grammatical relationships eg. The two scholars have complete

5、d their books. Having been given such a chance, how could I let it slip away? Analytic language(分析语) The frequent use of function words, word order, etc. (虚词和语序等)to express syntactic relationship eg. 两位学者完成了著作。 他打她。/她打他。 Chinese is a typical analytic language. Compared with Chinese, English is a syn

6、thetic language. English VS. Chinese: rigid vs. supple English : rigid （刚性语言） rigid S-V concord preciseness of grammar Chinese: supple (柔性语言) flexibility of the S-V structure “illogical” expressions run-on sentences王力指出：“西洋语言是法治法治的，中国语言是人治人治的。” English VS. Chinese: hypotactic vs. paratactic English

7、: hypotactic (形合) plenty of connectives overt cohesion(显性连接) Chinese: paratactic (意合) very few connectives covert cohesion （隐性连接） context （语境） temporal or logical sequences (时间和逻辑顺序) hypotactic vs. paratactic：the most striking syntactic deference between E and C eg.All was cleared up some time later

8、 when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper bell fell. 过了些时候，远方传来消息：小铜球坠落当天，确实发生了地震，这一且终于得到了澄清。 eg. 去了也是白去。 Even if you go there, it will be in vain. 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any. English VS. Chinese: complex vs. simplex Engl

9、ish : complex (繁复) Chinese: simplex （简短）eg. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or, more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substance, which is the commo

10、n name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 汉译：人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在替代某些天然材料，这或许是由于天然物产的数量不能满足如意增长的需求，或者往往是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在拟用的领域中将具有极大的用途。 English Chinese: complex simplex

11、 subordinationcoordination English VS. Chinese: impersonal vs. personal English : impersonal (物称) Chinese: personal （人称） eg. 1.Dusk found him crying in the street. 黄昏，他在街上哭泣。 2. A days exploration convinces him that this was not the spot. 探查了一天，他确定这不是那个地方。 3. A strange peace came over her when she w

12、as alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。English VS. Chinese: active vs. passive English : active (主动) Chinese: passive （被动） eg. 1. 我盖两条被子。 （形式主动，意义被动） I was covered up with two quilts. 2.注意看看信的地址是否写对了。（无主语句） Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed. 3. 众所周知，中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针。(泛称) It is know

13、n to all that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago. English VS. Chinese: static vs. dynamic English : static (静态) Chinese: dynamic （动态） eg. 1. The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 计算机比人检查得更细心，更勤快。 2. The doctors extremely quick

14、 arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 English VS. Chinese: abstract vs. concrete English : abstract （抽象） Chinese: concrete （具体） eg. 1.When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he rea

15、ched in a state of utter destitution. 年轻时他离乡背井来到这大都市，几乎身无分文。 2. A foretaste of the seriousness of incivility is suggested by what has been happening in Huston. 休斯顿所发生的情况预示：如果不讲文明，将会产生何种严重的后果。English VS. Chinese: indirect vs. direct The wide use of the following devices makes English more indirect than Chinese: euphemism understatement litotes indirect negation tactful implication periphrasisEnglish VS. Chinese: substitutive vs. repetitive English : substitutive (替换) Chinese:. repetitive (重复) eg. 1. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing