实用英语语法归纳

1、Grammar一、数词1. ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score 等表示精确数字时只用单数形式, 但在表示不确切数字时要用复数。 e.g. six hundred students 六百名学生 hundreds of students 成百上千的学生 two dozen bottles of beer 24瓶啤酒 dozens of times 几十次2. 倍数比较的表示法1) X times + as + 形容词或副词原级+ as, “ A是B 的X倍”e.g. Room A is twice as wide as Ro

2、om B. A的宽度B房间是两倍。2) X times + 形容词或副词的比较级 （ longer, greater, faster）+ than这个句型表示的数为净增加数。 e.g. A is three times longer than B. A 比B长三倍。（A是B的四倍。）3) 动词 + to + X times （增加到）4) 动词 +by + X times（增加了）二、 不定代词one, it 和that 的代词用法差异:one 只能代替可数名词，等于a + 名词，为泛指；that 代替可数或不可数名词，等于 the + 名词，所指的名词与前面提到的为同一类，但非同一物；it

3、等于 the ( this, that, my) + 名词，所指的名词就是前面提到的同一物。e.g. The climate of my hometown is not so warm as that of Taiwan. A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one of mud. The pen is very beautiful; I like it very much.三、形容词1. 形容词在某些动词后作表语：1) 表示 “变成，成为” 的动词要求用形容词作表语。例如：turn, get, grow, go (变成); run ( 很快变成

4、); come (果然变成)。e.g. Her dream has come true. ( 不可用truly。)2) 感觉，感官动词要求用形容词作表语。例如：see, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等。e.g. It sounds nice. The news proved correct.1. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 和 not + so / as + 原级 + as前者的意思为 “和一样”，表示肯定意义，为等量比较；后者意思是 “不及” 表示否定意义，为不等量比较。两个as 之间通常为表示数量、程度、性质的词，如：many,

5、 much, little, few, good, tall 等。e.g. The tree is as tall as the building. Your coffee is not so good as mine.2. be afraid to和 be afraid of 的差别：be afraid to表示不敢做某事； be afraid of 表示害怕某事本身e.g. He is afraid to swim in that river after that accident. 那次事故以后，他不敢到那条河里游泳。 She was afraid of being found out.

6、 她害怕被人发觉。e.g. She was afraid to wake her husband up. 她不敢叫醒她丈夫。（怕她丈夫生气或打她。） She was afraid of waking her husband up. 她害怕叫醒她丈夫。（疼爱她丈夫，想让他多睡一会。）3. compared to (with), 主句里的形容词或副词要用原级。意思为“同相比”。例如：This fish is big compared with the one you caught just now.He is rich compared with most villagers.4. 表示最高级意义

7、的几种特殊结构:1) She is as bright as any in the school.2) He is as happy as happy can be.3) Nothing is more precious than health.4) No one is so deaf as those who wont listen.5) She is more careful than any other / any one else.6) I have never read a more interesting novel.四助动词1. used to + 动词原形表示一种过去的习惯，过

8、去的例行活动或方式，一个与现在情况相反的过去状况，意思为“过去常常”，否定式为used not to ( usednt to ),疑问式把 used 放在主语前，也可用did 引起。be ( become, get, grow, accustomed, ) used to + 动名词或名词（不能加动词原形）意思为“习惯于，对习惯”。例如：She didnt use to come. / She usednt to come. 她过去不常来。Didnt he use to get up early? / Usednt he to get up early?他过去不是早起吗？2. had bett

9、er (best); would rather这两个短语后跟动词原形；would rather (sooner) + 动词原形 + than +动词原形。 had better 表示 “最好”, 否定式为 had better not, 疑问句把 had放在主语前，这个结构用于现在时或一般将来时，通用于所有人称。had不是过去式，例如： Had he better leave at once? You had better not go by air. Would rather 的意思为“宁愿，宁可”，后接动词原形，否定式为“would rather not”, 疑问句把would 放在主语前

10、。Would rather (sooner)than意思为“宁愿而不”，than后接原形不带to。Would rather接从句时要用虚拟式。例如： He would rather die than tell the secret. 他宁死也不泄露秘密。 Wouldnt you rather work here? 你不愿意在这里干活吗？3. 情态动词+动词完成式（may, must, should+ have + 过去分词）1) may / might + have done 此结构用于推测过去的行为，表示“可能已经”，例如： He may have said so. 他可能这样说过。It m

11、ight have been last October. 那可能是去年十月的事。2) can / could + have done, 此结构用于推测过去的行为，表示“可能”，或表示过去能做而没有做的事。有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜Where can (could) she have gone? 她可能到那里去了呢？In those circumstances we could have done better. 在那样的情况下，我们本来可以做的更好的。（但没有做得更好）Cf. cant 和couldnt + 动词原形可以用来表示否定推断.例如: He cant be over fift

12、y. 他不可能超过50岁.3) must + have done表示对过去行为的推测,具有较大得可能性。译为“一定，想必”，例如：She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃过很多苦。Cf. must + 动词原形可以表示对现在的猜测。must be + 现在分词表示对未来或正在进行的推测。例如：She looks happy; she must be having a good time. (现在正在)It must be raining tomorrow according to the radio. (未来)4) neednt + have done 表示

13、一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为，例如：You neednt have watered the flowers because it is going to rain. 你本来不必浇花，因为天要下雨了。（但却浇了）cf. didnt need to do 表示没有必要做某事，实际上也没有做。例如：I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it. 我不必擦窗。我妹妹擦了。5) should have done 此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如： You should have given he

14、r more help. 你应该多给他一些帮助的。 （但没有给） She shouldnt have left the hospital so soon, for she has not yet recovered. 她本不该那么早就离开医院的。因为她还没有康复。（但离开了）五 动词1 get的用法1) get+ 形容词表示某种状态的变化,意思同become 相似。例如: When you get old, your memory gets worse.2) get + 过去分词这种结构与 be + 过去分词相似，相当于被动语态。His leg got broken in the car ac

15、cident.3) get + 宾语 + adj. （分词，不定式）这种结构表示“使变得，使移动，使做. ，使.被做（用过去分词）”。例如：I cant get my feet warm. 我没法使脚暖和起来。Can you get the car going? 你能把车开动起来吗？I got my watch repaired yesterday. 我昨天让人把表修了。 2.have 的用法： have + 宾语 + 动词原形 have + 宾语 + 现在分词 have + 宾语 + 过去分词1) 表示“使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被他人做”。例如：He had everybody fil

16、l out a form. 他让所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal. 在吃饭过程中，她使我们始终笑个不停。 If you dont get out of my house, I will have you arrested. 如果你不离开我的房子，我就让让人把你抓起来。2) 经历某个时间或行动，遭遇。句子的主语不是动作的执行者。例如： He had his left hand cut off when operating the machine.他在操作这部机器时,左手被切掉了。3) 拒绝接受，不允许。（wont have）,相当

17、于 dont allow / permit sb. to do sth., 或forbid sb. to do sth. 例如： I wont have you do (doing) that again. 我决不会让你做那件事。3. 后面接动名词的动词：wonder (at); object (to); insist (on); imagine; deny; consider; appreciate; admit; suggest六、时态1. 一般现在时在由when, if, after, before, although / though, as soon as, whether, bec

18、ause, even if, in case, till / until, unless, so long as, where / wherever, whatever 等引导的表示时间、条件、比较等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如： I will tell her when she comes tomorrow. You will sonly succeed if you try your best. I shall have a good time whether I win or lose. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-hea

19、ded.2. 现在完成时1) 现在完成时主要用来表示a) 从过去到现在这段时间内完成而对现在有影响的动作或状态，常和already, before, in the past few months, just, so far, this year, today, up to now, yet等状语连用b) 从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态，常和be, live, stay, study, teach, want, work等延续动词及for , since或these days等引出的状语连用。 瞬时动词的否定式可以和for或since引出的状语连用。He has not come to wor

20、k for a week.I havent heard from him since last year.c)在时间和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时。 I will let you know after I have talked with him. The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.2) 比较现在完成时与过去时a) 意义上的区别： 两种时态的动作都发生在过去,现在完成时强调动作现在(now)的结果;过去时着眼过去(then)的动或状态本身。比较: I have seen the film. I s

21、aw a film yesterday. She has taught English for ten years. She taught English for ten years. b)时间状语的区别表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时,不能用于现在完成时。 例如: He died ten days ago.He has been dead for ten days.since引出的状语通常不与过去时而与完成时连用; 而since引出的状语从句本身通常用过去时。例如: She hasnt eaten anything since yesterday. We have known each oth

22、er since we were boys.有时两种时态可用同一时间状语,但时间含义不同。例如: I have read ninety pages this morning.(说话时间在上午)I read ninety pages this morning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)c)特殊用法在“It is the first time”后用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time Ive worked on the farm.It is the first time they have traveled by air.在“It is/has been a long time

23、 since”后用过去时。例如:It is/has been a long time since we parted. It is/has been ten years since he left his hometown 在“It/ This is+最高级形容词+名词”后的从句中,用现在完成时。例如:It/ This is the best film I have ever seen this year.He is the most interesting person I have ever met.2.过去完成时1) 过去完成时主要表示：a） 过去某时刻前发生的动作或状态，常和after

24、, before, by, up till等引入的词连用。例如： Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed. b) 特殊用法:) 和before连用, 表示“还没就”。 例如: They set out before I had told them the address.) 在“ It was the first time”后面。例如： It was the first time he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.）在“no sooner than ”和 “hardlywhen”的结构中。例

25、如：I had no sooner returned than he called.We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.2）比较过去时和过去完成时：过去完成时表示某一时刻，或某一动作前发生的事情，即过去的过去，它着眼于显示过去发生的几个动作的先后。过去时只叙述发生于过去某时刻或某时刻后的动作，但不强调时间顺序。例如： When she got home, her husband had already prepared the dinner.When she got home, she saw a telegram on her desk

26、.She had learned how to drive before she came to work in the factory.She learned to drive 5 years ago.七、被动语态1. 主动形式表示被动意义的词1) 某些感官动词或系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet. The cloth feels very soft.2）某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加动词）也可以表示被动意义。如： wash, write, sell,

27、 read, cut, lock, play, clean等。This type of recorder sells well.This kind of shirt washes very well.The novel reads well.The meat cuts easily.This kind of shirt cleans easily.3) want, deserve, need. require, stand, take, worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。这时动名词与句中的主语有动宾关系。若动名词是不及物的，后面还应有适当的介词，例如： The book

28、is worth reading. This point deserves mentioning. The coat requires mending. The children need looking after. The table wants cleaning.4) 某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The fish is not fit to eat.He is hard to please.The passage is difficult to read.九、非谓语动词 （包括三种：动词不定式、动名词、分词）非谓语动词的特点：1） 非谓语动词有动词的一般特点

29、（如可有宾语、有时态、有语态的变化、可以被状语修饰等），但在句中不能充当主要谓语。2） 没有人称和数的变化。3） 在句中可充当各种语法成分。1. 动词不定式1) 在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, rather than, would sooner, would soonerthan, cannot help but, do nothing but, might as well. 等结构后用省to不定式。 They would rather (would sooner, had rather, had sooner) d

30、ie than surrender. 他们宁死也不投降。She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一个劲地问一些傻问题。I cant help but be sorry.但是，如果but 或者except等前的谓语动词不是do或help，to不能省略。例如：She had no choice but to fight to the end. 她别无选择，只有斗争到底。She never came except to quarrel.2) 不定式做主语时，常用“it”作形式主语，而将不定式放在谓语的后面。例如：To train a horse

31、to jump is difficult. 可改写成： It is difficult to train a horse to jump. 3) 在let, make, have, see, hear, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to 等动词后作宾补的不定式均省去to。如： We were made to work on Sundays.二、 动名词1、动名词具有名词性质，故在句中充当表语，宾语，和介词宾语。动名词做主语时要注意：1） 在 (good) 等结构中常用动名词作主语。句首的it作主语。如： It is no use doing it

32、again.2） 在 There is no + 动名词结构中，动名词作主语。例如：There is no joking about this matter.3) 有些动词后面跟动词不定式和跟动名词所表示的意义完全不同，有时甚至相反，比较：He stopped talking. 他停止讲话.He stopped to talk. 他停下来开始讲话.Please remember to post the letters. 请别忘了寄着几封信I remember posting your letters. 我记得寄出了你的信.I regret not having told her earlier

33、. 没能更早的告诉她,我很后悔.I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 我很遗憾的说,我明天必须走了.He will try to finish the work as early as possible. 他将设法尽早完成这项工作.He will try making a model ship. 他将试做一个模型船.They want to repair the house. 他们要把房子维修一下.The house wants repairing. 这房子需要维修了.3. 分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的形式是动词原形 + ing；规则动词

34、的过去分词在动词原形后 +ed。 比较现在分词和过去分词的区别：1） 现在分词和过去分词的区别主要在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表主动意思，过去分词表被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。比较：What he said is very touching. 他说的话非常感人。（主动）I was touched by the sight. 我被这景象深深地打动了。（被动）the falling leaves 纷纷飘落的树叶the fallen leaves 落了的树叶boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water 煮沸了的水

35、十, 虚拟语气1. 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用条件从句结果主句与现在 事实相反动词过去式或werewould / should / could+ 动词原形与过去事实相反had donewould / should / could have done与将来时间相反一般过去式或were to do或should dowould / should / could + 动词原形 I would not feel cold if I were in doors. 我要是在室内就不会觉得了冷了。 If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conferenc

36、e wouldnt have been so successful. 如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得如此成功的。 If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. 如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。 If she should know it, she would tell me. 如果她知道那件事，她会告诉我的。2. 动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用had + 过去分词或would, could have+ 过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would, shoul

37、d could might + 动词原形。例如：I wish she were here.I wish you would go with us tomorrow.I wish she had taken my advice.3. if only 和would that 后面用虚拟语气。谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。常翻译为“要是就好了” If only she had known where to find you. 她要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。Would that I were young again. would that实际上是I

38、(we) would 的简化。I would 相当于I wish。 I would I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.4. 虚拟语气用在suggest, order, demand 等后的宾语从句中。这类动词有：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, recommend, advise, intend。这时谓语动词用动词原形或should + 动词原形。例如：He determined that she go at once.They

39、intended that the news be suppressed.She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.注：当suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，insist 不表示“坚决要求”而作“坚决认为”解时，其后的从句要用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。例如： He insisted that he was not involved in the case. 他坚持认为自己和那个案子没有牵连。 When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on

40、good terms with the director. 5. 虚拟语气用在advice, demand, order等名词后的主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中，常用的这类名词有：advice, demand, order, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, recommendation, idea, request, desire, motion,等。这时谓语动词用动词原形或should + 动词原形。例如：Their desire was that a treaty be signed.His issued

41、that the troops withdraw at once.The demand is that manuscripts be written on one side only.按照要求手稿单面眷写。6. 虚拟语气用在 important, necessary, 等后的从句中。 这类形容词有：important, necessary, essential, urgent, vital, appropriate, insistent, advisable, 例如： It is necessary that some immediate effort be made. It is essen

42、tial that the program be loaded into computer. 把程序输进计算机非常必要。7. It is (high / about) time 句型要求用虚拟语气 这时谓语动词用过去式,指现在或将来的情况。表示早该干某事但已经晚了。例如： It is high time that we were off. 是我们该走的时候了。 It is time that we went to bed. 我们该就寝了。 It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.8. for fear that, in or

43、der that, so that, 引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即should, could, might,+ 动词原形。例如： I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you. 我不会作声以免打扰你。 I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.9. would rather,

44、would sooner, had better, would as soon, just as soon 后的句子用虚拟语气。1) 接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择，例如： I would rather do it today. He would rather die than surrender. He would rather not go dancing tonight.4) 接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当。例如：I would rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.I would

45、rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.5) 接从句，用虚拟语气，为一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望。例如：I would rather you paid the money yourself. (现在)I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. (将来)I would rather she hadnt done that. (过去)十一、从句1定语从句 (使用要点)1）如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面，不能用who, that，只能

46、用which, whom。This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks. 这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。 The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange. 同他一起工作的人都觉得他有点怪。2） 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that, 不用which

47、。 Please just tell me anything that you know about the author of the book. 凡是你知道的关于本书作者的情况请都告诉我。That is all (that) I could do at that time. 这就是我当时所能做的。3）It is + 名词 + 定语从句 + 定语从句的结构中，后一定语从句要用that。 It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导。 It is always the mou

48、th which talks too much that arouses troubles. 言多必失。 It is a man who is honest that can do the work. 只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。4）如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰，关系代词只用that。 He is the only person that was present at that time.他是当时唯一在场的人。 This is the best TV set that is made i

49、n China.这是中国生产的最好的电视机。5）在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，作宾语用的代词也不能省略。 The Heavenly Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tienshan Mountain. 天池是世界名胜之一，位于天山之上。 There were thirty students in the class, the majority of whom are from the city. 这个班上有30个学生，大多数来自城市。2. 时间状语从句1). when, whenever, as, w

50、hilewhen表示某个具体的时间，所引导的从句的动作或是与主句动作同时发生，或是先于主句动作。When 可指一段时间，也可指一点时间。即可表示一时性的动作也可表示持续的动作。Whenever 指的是任何一个不具体的时间。As所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般与延续性动词连用。While只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂的动作。 As和while可翻译为“一边一边”，“正当的时候”。例如：He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on. 正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。 （指一段时间）Wh

51、ile (as) Jim was reading, Jack was writing. 吉姆阅读的时候，杰克在写东西。 （指一段时间）As (when) he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause. 他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。 （指一点时间，不能用while）2). no soonerthan; hardly (scarcely)when 这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生，意思为“一就”，“刚就”，主句动词用过去完成时，如果no sooner，hardly (scarcely) 位于句首，主句要倒装，即

52、把had放在主句前。例如：He had hardly gone to bed when the doorbell rang. 他刚睡下门铃就响了。No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him. 他刚一下车，女儿就跑了过来。3. 原因状语从句1) because, since, for和as because 表示原因语气最强，常用于回答以疑问词why引导的问句。Because从句一般用于主句后面，也可放在主句前面，但是当because从句表示理由时，只能放在主后面。For引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直

53、接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，且不可位于主句前。Since表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已经知道的显然的理由，意思为“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。As从句通常放在主句前，有时也可改用so引导的复合句。例如：Because he did not obey the regulations, he was punished. （不可说for he）他受了处分因为他没有遵守规定。（原因）Since you say so, I supposed it is true. 你既然这么说，我想这是真的。 As I am about to

54、start a journey, I shall not be able to begin the work before I return. 因为我即将出去旅行，回来之前我不能开始呢外项工作。注意： 强调原因状语只能用“it is because that”结构，这里只能用becauseIt was because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 他正是因为太粗心才考试没有通过。 for 不可用于 “not.but”的结构，引导的从句不可作表语，也不可被副词，如 only, simply, just 修饰。I like her not because he is rich, but because she is noble hearted. 我喜欢她并不是因为她富有，而是因为她有一颗高尚的心。It is because he is warm hearted.He l