合同与协议的区别

1、编号：本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载合同与协议的区别甲方：乙方：日期：说明：本合同资料适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与 义务，同时阐述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用 时请详细阅读内容。在英语中，合同一般称为 Contract ，协议一般称为 Agreement.何谓 "contract?'1999 年中国合同法第二条对contract 定义为： A contact in this Law refers to anagreement establishing, modifying and termina

2、ting the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing , that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations 。 根据这一定 义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。Steven H. Gifts 编著的 "Law Dictionary 中将 contract 定义为 acontract is a promise or a set of promises, for breach of which

3、 the law gives remedy , or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty. 根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law 给" contract 的定义：aContract is a legallybinding agreement 根据这定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来，有一个相同点，就是aContract is an

4、 agreement, 即可将合同说成是"Anagreement which binds the parties co ncerned 或者说合同说成是"An agreement which isenforceable by law , 也可以说： Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.何谓aAgreement ?L.B "A consensus of mind or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form , relating to an

5、ything done or to be don e. ”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜， 经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见， 以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black "Law Dictionary" 有两个定义。一个是： "A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties , of certain past or future fact

6、s or performance 根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是： "The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits , with the view of contacting an obligation , a mutualoblig ation. 根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产

7、权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract （合同）和 Agreement （协议）是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。?L.B Curzon 编著的 "A Diction of Law 上 aContract generally involves1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （要约和绝对接受）2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致， 也叫 meeting of minds ）3. intention

8、to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿）4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性）5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力）6. legality of object （标的物的合法性）7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性）8. certainty of terms （条款的确定性）9. valuable consideration （等价有偿）Black 'Law Dictionary" 中食军释道： Although

9、 often used as synonyms with "contract",agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.即协议”和合同”经常用作同义词，但协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（ essential clauses/provisions ） 。实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款， 有的合同 将其单列，称为一般条款（ General provisions ）。19

10、99 中国合同法第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1. title or name and domicile of the parities（ 当事人的名称或姓名和住址）2. contract object （标的）3. quantity （数量）4. quality （质量）5. price or remuneration （价款或者报酬 I ）6. time limit , place and method of performance （履行期限、 地点和方式）7. liability for breach of contract （违约责任）8. methods to settle

11、disputes （解决争议的方法）上述解释说明， contract （ 合同 ） 和 agreement （ 协议 ） 的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不 同，不能互换使用。 合同是协议的重要组成部分， 所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是 合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务， 是预防与解决争议的依据。 合同英语行 文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 ，中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文， 结尾是当 事人印章、 授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：

12、This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this day of(month) , (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A " ) and Party B (hereinafter called "Party B ")然后是开始陈述：WHER E It is hereby agreed as follows:或以：WITNESSETH , WHEREASNOW THEREFORE , for and in consid

13、eration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows ：接着是正文，最后是证明部分：IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。A.

14、新加坡AgreementTHIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August , 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD , a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise , Singapore 19569 ( hereinfater called "The Company" ) of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No./A ) of 108

15、 Orchar Road , Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager" ) of the other part.WHEREAS :1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.2.NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows1. The company shall emp

16、loy the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September2.IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TODuties of M

17、anger1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.2.3.SIGNED by Roger TanFor and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTDIn the presence ofSIGNED by TERESA WONGIn the presence of新加坡的通用合同分五部分：第一部分：称为 parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为：THIS AGREEMENT is made the day of (

18、month) , (year)between A (hereinafter called "The Company" ) of the part and B, (hereinafter called "The Manager" ) of the other part.句子开头 THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“o和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的， 用 "having its registered office at 和其后注册地址相连。第二部分：称为recital. 以 W

19、HEREAS 开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。第三部分：称为habendum, 正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.,这段作用相当于中文合同的 双方签字盖章，特此为证”。第四部分：称为 schedule 或 addendum, 附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不 是所有合 同都有这一项。第五部分：称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用

20、“SIGNED by英文写 作翻译；连接 后填写见证姓名的表达部分"In the presence of ; 当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是"SIGNED for and on behalf of , 然后才是 In thepresence of . 与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外， 多了一个 In the presence of 供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头 段的当事人介绍部 分。第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达"As Witness our Hands this day of, in theyea

21、r of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above namedIn the presence ofSignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。B. 美国APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September , 2000 betwe

22、en of (address (hereinafter referred to as "the Company" ) as one part and Mr.of (address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.WHEREBYIT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS1. THAT the Company shall ?2. This agreement shall commence on 。3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF , both

23、parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName :Designation :For and on behalf of :(signature)Contractor :Designation ：For and on behalf of :(signature)本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录，schedule)。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了职务”，即designation (有的合同还惯用 position )。C. 香港CONTRACTCONT

24、ACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER : NameLegal AddressContactTHE SELLER : NameLegal AddressContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1. NAME OF

25、COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT2. PRICE3. PAYMENT 译4. PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF , this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLERBy : By :Date: Date : THE END USERBy: Date ：比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于， 合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落

26、款处SIGNEDBY 项目，但增加了最终用户一项。D. 日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st , 2001, by and between LTD(hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A" ) , and CO., LTD. ( ( hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")WITNESSTH :WHEREAS , PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to

27、dispatch its personal for the purpose of toPARTY b ; andWHEREAS , (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to suchPARTY B's request)NOW , THEREFORE , in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:1.2.3.IN W

28、ITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.Ltd.Co. , Ltd.(signature) (signature)MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH (鉴于 ) ，最后落款处也没有SIG

29、NED BY 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。另 U 外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外， 整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。 在草 拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。用词特点( formal term )合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional) 正式(formal)、准确 ( accurate) 。 具体体现在下列方面：1. May, shall, must , may not ( 或 shall not) 的使用 ， May , shall , must , may n

30、ot ( 或 shall not) 对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。may 旨在约定当事人的权利 ( 可以做什么 ) ，Shall 约定当事人的义务( 应当做什么时候) ， must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么 ) ， may not (或 shall not) 用于禁止性义务(不 得做什么 ) 。May do 不能说成 can do, shall do, 不能说成 should do 或 ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文 件可以用 shall not ，但绝不能

31、用 can not do 或 must not ) 例如， 在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all , settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail , such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such disput

32、e for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.本句中的 shall 和 may 表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商， 所以采用了义务性 约定”， 如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may 也很妥当。如果may 和 shall调换位置会怎么样？ 前半句的 shall 换用 may 后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决， 意思上说得过去，但后半句的

33、 may 换用 shall 后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。 如果 协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的， 可将争议提交有管 辖权的人民法院解决。2. 正式用语 ( formal term )合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如：因为 " 的短语多用 "by virtue of ”，远远多于" due to 般不用 " because of;"财务年度末" 一般用 "at th

34、e close of the fiscal year, 而不用 "in the end of the fiscal year ；在 . 之前 " 一般用 "prior to, 而不用 "before;"关于 " 常用 "as regards," a concerning 或 a relating to , 而不会用 "about;"事实上 " 用 "in effect, 而不用 "in fact;开始 " 用 "commencement, 而不用

35、 "starts' "begin ； "停止做 " 用 "cease to do, 而不用 "stop to do;"何时开会并由某某主持" 的表述为： The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.其中 召开 " 不用 "hold 或 call : 而用 "convene ： ' 生持 " 不用 "chair 或 "be in charge of,而用 “ preside;其他事项 &q

36、uot; 用 "miscellaneous," 而不用 "other matters/events; "理解合同 用aconstrue a contract 或 ""comprehend a contract, 而不用 aunderstand acontract ;"认为 " 用 "deem 用 "consider 少，不用 "think 或 "believe;"愿意做"用"intend to do 或""desire to

37、do,而不用"want to do: "wish to do 。"三、用词专业（ technical terms ）合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移， 它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的瑕疵”、 救济”、 不可抗力”、 管辖”、损毁”、 灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分另 U 为 defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God 、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss ）。另夕卜几乎每个合同者E 少不了 hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in

38、witness whereof,for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有：赔偿 " 用 a indemnities , ' 而不用 a compensation"不动产转让" 用 "conveyance ； '而不用atransfer of real estate "房屋出租"用"tenancy,"而 财产出租"用"lease of property "停业"用 "w

39、ind up a business 或""cease （名词是 cessation ） a business 而不用 "end/stop a business "专利许可中的 特许权使用费 "只用 "royalities "还款或专利申请的 宽限期”英文“grace ”当事人在破产中的和解" 用 acomposition以实物出资为 a investment in kind "依照合同相关规定" 一般说 apursuant to provisions contained herein 或 &qu

40、ot;aS'providedherein 等，不说 "according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同 " 英文表述为 "Neither party hereto may assign this contract ,'其中“here昧示“to the contract,选用' "Neither party to the contract 较少。 "3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列FOR value RECEIVED , the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to all his right , tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated,19 by andbetween the undersigned and, a copy of which is annexed he