托马斯A普格尔_国际贸易_英语chap001

1、international trade lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.相互依存性你每天都在享用世界上许多素不相识的人向你提供的物品与劳务，而其中绝大多数人你根本不认识来自肯尼亚的咖啡来自中国的衬衫来自台湾的移动电话来自俄亥俄州克里夫兰的发胶Course Description: International TradeCourse Description : We live in a global economy. The purpose of this co

2、urse is to provide students with the tools of analysis to understand the issues about the international trade. It covers the basic principles of international trade theory and trade policy. We will begin by developing the theory of comparative advantage to explain why nations trade. The question of

3、who gains and who loses from international trade is addressed. As opening up an economy to international trade creates several macroeconomic issues, we also examine growth and trade. For the international policy, you will be required to learn the effects of tariffs, quotas, and other forms of protec

4、tionism. The issues of trade blocs such as NAFTA and the European community and competitiveness are also discussed. Some other hot issues nowadays such as trade and environment will be mentioned at the end of this course Objectives l gain factual knowledge about international trade l Develop a coher

5、ent framework for examining international trade policy questions l Equip students to respond intelligently to popular discussions of economic issues Grading: lProblem sets: 20% lDiscuss: 10% lMid exams: 20% lFinal exams: 50%What we learn from this course? Course outlineChapter 1: introduction of int

6、ernational trade Chapter 2: the basic theory using demand and supply Section oneChapter 3: why everybody tradeChapter 4: who gains and who loses from tradeChapter 5: alternative theories of tradeChapter 6: growth and tradeSection 2 :Chapter 7 analysis of tariff Chapter 8: non-tariff barriers to impo

7、rt Chapter 9: arguments for and against protection Chapter 10 pushing exports Chapter 11 trade blocs and trade blocks Chapter 12 trade and environment Chapter 13 trade policies for developing and transition countriesHow do we learn effectively?lPreparation and review are necessary and required ldo e

8、xercises lReading rich materials from different medias lKeep your eyes on the popular discussion on economics issues lEquip with your some basic knowledge such as micro-economics, game theory and IO theory Chapter 1: introduction of international tradePlease name some events that show the importance

9、 of current issues Form a group and discuss how it affect international tradeimports of automobile tiresimmigrationchina exchange rateglobal financial crisisHow the sub-prime lending crisis effect on the international tradeChinas huge trade surplus Inflation and energy crisis in the world the rise o

10、f international outsourcing the ongoing protests against low pay and poor working conditions in developing countries revaluation of the exchange rate value of the Chinese yuan lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.什么是消费者剩余？它与需求曲线有什么联系？什么是生产者剩余？它与供给曲线有什么联

11、系？市场能使资源达到合意的配置吗？还是市场结果有改善的余地？12 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率13福利经济学资源配置涉及下述问题：l每种物品分别生产多少？l谁生产它们？l谁消费它们？福利经济学：福利经济学：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利的一门学问首先，我们来看看消费者的福利 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserv

12、ed.消费者、生产者与市场效率14支付意愿 一个买者对一种物品的支付意愿是他愿意为这种物品支付的最高量支付意愿衡量买者对于物品的评价例如：4个卖者对于一个iPod的支付意愿 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率15支付意愿与需求曲线问题问题: 如果iPod的价格为$200,，谁会买它？会买多少？A: Anthony 和Flea会买一个 iPod， Chad和John不会买因此, Qd = 2 当价格为P = $200时 lectured b

13、y Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率16支付意愿与需求曲线得出需求表4John, Chad, Anthony, Flea 0 1253Chad, Anthony, Flea126 1752Anthony, Flea176 2501Flea251 3000没人$301及以上Qd谁会买P (iPod的价格) lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Rese

14、rved.消费者、生产者与市场效率17支付意愿与需求曲线PQ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率18梯形图需求曲线看起来像一个梯形，有四个台阶-每一个台阶代表一个买者。PQ如果像在竞争市场那样有许多买者那就会有很多小的台阶看起来就更像一条光滑的曲线 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率

15、19支付意愿与需求曲线在任意数量，需求曲线的高度代表边界买者的支付意愿边际买者：指如果价格再提高一点就首先离开市场的买者PQFlea的支付意愿Anthony的支付意愿Chad的支付意愿John的支付意愿 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率20消费者剩余消费者剩余：消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量其为此实际支付的量消费者剩余 = 支付意愿 市场价格如果 P = $260Flea的消费

16、者剩余 = $300 260 = $40其他人没有消费者剩余，因为他们不会在这个价格下购买iPod总消费者剩余 = $40 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率21消费者剩余与需求曲线PQFlea的支付意愿P = $260 Flea的消费者剩余 = $300 260 = $40总消费者剩余 =$40 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rig

17、hts Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率22消费者剩余与需求曲线PQFlea的消费者剩余Anthony的消费者剩余如果P = $220 Flea的消费者剩余 = $300 220 = $80Anthony的消费者剩余 =$250 220 = $30总消费者剩余 = $110 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率23消费者剩余与需求曲线PQ总结：总消费者剩余等于需求曲线以下和价格以上的面积 lectured by Deng Xiao

18、fang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率24PQ$许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D千双每双鞋的价格当 Q = 5(千双), 边际买者为每双鞋的支付意愿是$50如果 P = $30. 他的消费者剩余 = $20. lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率25PQ许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D消费者剩余是买

19、者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量 复习：三角形的面积 = x 底 x 高高 =$60 30 = $30. 所以 CS = x 15 x $30 = $225h$ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率26PQ更高的价格如何减少消费者剩余D如果价格上升到$40, CS = x 10 x $20 = $100.消费者剩余减少的两个原因：1. 一些买者离开市场2. 留在市场中的买者支付更高的价格 lectured by Deng Xi

20、aofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.27PQ需求曲线A. 找出边际买者在Q = 10的支付意愿B.计算在 P = $30时的消费者剩余如果价格降到$20，消费者剩余会增加多少 C. 新进入市场的买者D.已进入市场的买者能以更低的价格购买$ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.28P$Q需求曲线A.在 Q = 10, 边际买者的支付意愿为 $30.B.CS = x 10 x

21、 $10 = $50价格降到 $20C. 新进入市场买者的消费者剩余 = x 10 x $10 = $50D. 已进入市场买者由于价格下降而增加的消费者剩余= 10 x $10 = $100 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率29成本与供给曲线一个卖者生产和出售物品或服务，除非价格高于他或她的成本 因此，成本衡量了出售意愿 成本成本：卖者为了生产一种物品而必须放弃的每种东西的价值（也是机会成本） 包括所有用于生产物品的资源的成本和卖者对于

22、他们自己时间的评价例如：三个提供除草服务卖者的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率30成本与供给曲线3 35 及以上220 34110 190$0 9QsP根据成本数据画出供给表： lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率31成本与供给曲线PQ lectured by Deng Xia

23、ofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率32成本与供给曲线PQ在每个数量，供给曲线的高度是边际卖者的成本边际卖者边际卖者：如果价格再低一点就首先离开市场的卖者Chrissy的成本Janet的成本Jack的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率33生产者剩余PQ生产者剩余生产者剩余 (PS)：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成

24、本PS = 价格 成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率34生产者剩余与供给曲线PQPS = 价格价格 成本如果 P = $25.Jack的 PS = $15Janet的PS = $5Chrissy的PS = $0总生产者剩余 = $20Janet的成本Jack的成本总生产者剩余等于价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积Chrissy的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Compan

25、ies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率35PQ许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线鞋的供给S千双每双鞋的价格如果 P = $40在Q = 15(千双), 边际卖者的成本是$30，她的生产者剩余为$10 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率36PQ许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线鞋的供给S生产者剩余是价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积这个三角形的高度= $40 15 = $25.因此, PS =

26、x b x h = x 25 x $25 = $312.50h lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率37PQ更低的价格如何减少生产者剩余如果价格降到$30,PS = x 15 x $15 = $112.50生产者剩余减少的原因两个原因：S1. 卖者离开市场减少的生产者剩余2. 仍留在市场的卖者只能得到更低的价格所引起生产者剩余的减少 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Compani

27、es, Inc., All Rights Reserved.PQ供给曲线A. 找出边际卖者在Q = 10时的成本B. 计算P = $20时的总生产者剩余如果价格上升到$30，计算下列情况下的生产者剩余：C. 多售出5个单位物品所增加的生产者剩余D. 最初10个单位物品在更高价格下增加的生产者剩余38 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.PQ供给曲线A. 在Q = 10时,边际成本 = $20 B.PS = x 10 x $20 = $100价格上升到 $30C.多

28、售出5个单位所增加的PS = x 5 x $10= $25D. 最初10个单位所增加的生产者剩余= 10 x $10 = $10039 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率40消费者剩余、生产者剩余与总剩余CS = (买者的评价) (买者支付的量)= 买者参与市场得到的收益PS = (卖者得到的量) (卖者的成本)= 卖者参与市场得到的收益总剩余总剩余 = CS + PS= 参与市场贸易得到的总收益= (买者的评价) (卖者的成本) lec

29、tured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率41资源的市场配置市场经济中，资源的配置是由许多分散自利的买者与卖者相互作用决定的市场对资源的配置是合意的吗？还存在另一个不同的配置方法能使社会更好吗？ 为回答这个问题，我们使用总剩余作为衡量社会福利的指标，我们也考虑市场配置是否有效率 （尽管这里我们主要关注效率 ，但政策制定者同样关注公平） lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, I

30、nc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率42效率如果资源配置使总剩余最大化，那我们可以说，这种配置表现出效率。效率意味着：l物品是由对这种物品评价最高的买者消费l物品是由生产这种物品成本最低的卖者生产l增加或减少这种物品的数量并不会事总剩余增加= (买者的评价) (卖者的成本) 总剩余 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率43市场均衡的评价市场均衡： P = $30 Q = 15,000总剩余 = CS + PS市场均衡有效率的?PQSDCSPS lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消费者、生产者与市场效率44谁会消费物品？PQSD支付意愿 $30的买者会购买 支付意愿 $30的卖者不会生产物品 因此,具有最低生产物品成本的卖者会生产物品 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., A