孙子兵法(中英对照)

1、孙子兵法The Art of War孙武By Sun TzuTranslated by Lionel Giles始计第一Laying Plans孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life anddeath, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on noaccount be neglec

2、ted.故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account inones deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Methodand di

3、scipline.道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that theywill follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也；Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；Earth comprises d

4、istances, great and small; danger and security; open ground andnarrow passes; the chances of life and death.将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage andstrictness.法者，曲制、官道、主用也。By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the arm

5、y in its propersubdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads bywhich supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will bevictorious; he who knows

6、 them not will fail.故校之以计，而索其情，曰：Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, letthem be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:-主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law? (2) Which of the two

7、generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven andEarth? (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced? (5) Which army isstronger? (6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained? (7) In which armyis there the greater constancy both in reward an

8、d punishment?By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a onebe retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,will suffer defea

9、t:-let such a one be dismissed!计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstancesover and beyond the ordinary rules.势者，因利而制权也。According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify ones plans.兵者，诡道也。All warfare is based on deception.故能而示之不能，用

10、而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we mustseem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;when far away, we must make him believe we are near.利而诱之，乱而取之，Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush

11、 him.实而备之，强而避之，If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.怒而挠之，卑而骄之，If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that hemay grow arrogant.佚而劳之，亲而离之，If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are uni

12、ted, separate them.攻其无备，出其不意。Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.此兵家之胜，不可先传也。These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in h

13、is temple where thebattle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand.Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how muchmore no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely towin or lose.作战第

14、二II. Waging War孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swiftchariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, withprovisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the exp

15、enditure at home and at the front,including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spenton chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Suchis the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，When you engage in actual fi

16、ghting, if victory is long in coming, then mens weapons willgrow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaustyour strength。久暴师则国用不足。Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to thestrain.夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。Now,

17、 when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted andyour treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity.Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。Thus, though we have heard of stupid ha

18、ste in war, cleverness has never been seenassociated with long delays.夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughlyunderstand the profitable way of carr

19、ying it on.善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loadedmore than twice.取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army willhave food enough for its needs.国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；Poverty of the State exch

20、equer causes an army to be maintained by contributions froma distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to beimpoverished.近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high pricescause the peoples substance to be drained away.财竭

21、则急于丘役。When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavyexactions.力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will bestripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; w

22、hile governmentexpenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows andarrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, willamount to four-tenths of its total revenue.故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；杆一石，当吾二十石。Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging o

23、n the enemy. One cartload of theenemys provisions is equivalent to twenty of ones own, and likewise a single picul ofhis provender is equivalent to twenty from ones own store.故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may beadvantage from defeating t

24、he enemy, they must have their rewards.车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those shouldbe rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of theenemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunc

25、tion with ours. The capturedsoldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called, using the conquered foe toaugment ones own strength.故兵贵胜，不贵久。In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter

26、of the peoples fate, theman on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.【注：】：“忌”加“艹”头。谋攻第三III. Attack by Stratagem孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemyscountry whole an

27、d intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better torecapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or acompany entire than to destroy them.是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; su

28、premeexcellence consists in breaking the enemys resistance without fighting.故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemys plans; the next best is toprevent the junction of the enemys forces; the next in order is to attack the enemysarmy in the field; and the worst p

29、olicy of all is to besiege walled cities.攻城之法，为不得已。修橹，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation ofmantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three wholemonths; and the piling up of mounds over against the

30、 walls will take three months more.将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault likeswarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town stillremains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.故

31、善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemys troops without any fighting; hecaptures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom withoutlengthy operations in the field.必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。With his forces intact he will dispute the ma

32、stery of the Empire, and thus, without losinga man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemys one, to surround him; if five toone, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army

33、into two.敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid theenemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must becaptured by the larger forc

34、e.夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; theState will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.故君之所以患于军者三：There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:-(1) 不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而

35、谓之退，是谓縻军；(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that itcannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.(2) 不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom,being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an arm

36、y. This causes restlessness inthe soldiers minds.(3)不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance ofthe military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of thesoldiers.三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。But when the army is res

37、tless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the otherfeudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1) He will win who knowswhen

38、 to fight and when not to fight. (2) He will win who knows how to handle bothsuperior and inferior forces. (3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spiritthroughout all its ranks. (4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemyunprepared. (5) He will win who has military cap

39、acity and is not interfered with by thesovereign.故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear theresult of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victorygained you will also suffer a defeat. If you kno

40、w neither the enemy nor yourself, you willsuccumb in every battle.【注：】：车贲。：“温”字“氵”旁换“车”旁。军形第四IV. Tactical Dispositions孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility ofdefeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.不可胜在己，可胜

41、在敌。To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity ofdefeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certainof defeating the enemy.故曰：胜可知，而不可为。Hence the saying: One

42、may know how to conquer without being able to do it.不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy meanstaking the offensive.守则不足，攻则有余。Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundanceof strength.善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，

43、故能自保而全胜也。The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; hewho is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on theone hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；To see victo

44、ry only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme ofexcellence.战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says,"Well done!"故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun

45、and moon is no sign ofsharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winningwith ease.故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for coura

46、ge.故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措胜，胜已败者也。He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes thecertainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible,and

47、does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has beenwon, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。The consummate leader cultivate

48、s the moral law, and strictly adheres to method anddiscipline; thus it is in his power to control success.兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation ofquantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.地生度，度

49、生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement;Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory toBalancing of chances.故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pounds weight placed in the

50、 scaleagainst a single grain.称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm athousand fathoms deep.兵势第五V. Energy孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也；Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a fewmen: it is merely a ques

51、tion of dividing up their numbers.斗众如斗寡，形名是也；Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with asmall one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.三军之众，可使必受敌而无败者，奇正是也；To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemys attack andre

52、main unshaken- this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.兵之所加，如以投卵者，虚实是也。That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg-this iseffected by the science of weak points and strong.凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but ind

53、irect methods willbe needed in order to secure victory.故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江海。终而复始，日月是也。死而更生，四时是也。Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending asthe flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; likethe four seasons, they pass awa

54、y to return once more.声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也；There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give riseto more melodies than can ever be heard.色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也；There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet incombination they produce more

55、 hues than can ever been seen.味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也；There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yetcombinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack-the direct and the indirect; ye

56、tthese two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.奇正相生，如循环之无端，孰能穷之哉！The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle-younever come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也；The onset of troops is like t

57、he rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in itscourse.鸷鸟之疾，至于毁折者，节也。The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strikeand destroy its victim.故善战者，其势险，其节短。Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.势如扩弩，节如发机。Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of atrigger.纷纷纭纭，斗乱而不可乱；浑浑沌沌，形圆而不可败。Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder