学术英语+医学+Unit

1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for MedicineUnit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases. Here come some fundamental ques

2、tions: Which play a more important role in causing human diseases, genes or environmental factors? Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer? What are the major steps in developing a new drug? In this unit, we will probably find theanswers to these questions.Unit

3、3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 9Lead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inIssues to be covered The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseases The dif

4、ferent roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health The major steps in designing and developing new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTime Visits to doctor DiagnosisTreatmentUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of D

5、iseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.Disea

6、seCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest, clear fluids, cool damp washcloth to reduce fever, warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine, antiviral medications, usually no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work, excessive reading corrective lenses, refractory surgeryHepatitisviral (HBV, HCV, etc.), ba

7、cterial, parasitic, fungal infectionsalcohol, autoimmune, inherited antiviral medicationsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Disea

8、sesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationloved practicing Tae Kwon Doloved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournamentscompeted nationally, even winning a bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Gamesattended medical school, practiced as an

9、 internal medicine residency, became an academic general internistmarried and got a son and a daughterUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationSymptoms as mentioned by the authorloss of stamina and strengthproblems with balancebouts of hor

10、rific facial paindips in visual acuityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationCause as mentioned by the authorthe assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factorsTre

11、atment as mentioned by the authorinterferon and copolymer-1Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationPicking up basic science such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiologyReading articles about new MS drugs in animal models

12、and neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationself-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports

13、on animal modelsself-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literature online search to identify the sources of micronutrientsreduction of food allergy and toxic loadUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentati

14、onWith 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reduc

15、ing our toxic load.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterthe surge of adrenaline (P55)medical school (P55)an internal medicine residency (P55)an academic general internist (P55)to develop a chronic disease (P55)I had only two op

16、tions: accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment, or increased involvement in my own health care. (P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterMy doctor said that genetics accounted for only 10

17、 to 30% of the risk of MS; the rest (?) was due to some combination of unknown environmental factors. (P56) He never told me what I could do to address those unknown factors, only offering interferon and copolymer-1 to reduce the risk of relapse. (P56)It was increasingly apparent that, with time, be

18、coming bedridden due to my illness was inevitable. (P56)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI began my own study of the literature, reading article after article on PubMed, knowing that the seeds for todays clinical care were

19、laid years, sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature. (P56) At first, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. (P56)articles concerning neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (P56)Unit 3 Prevention

20、 and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI asked my physical therapist to let me have a test session. (P57) patient autonomyHe told me that e-stim (as he called it) was not an approved treatment for MS. (P57) paternalistic approachI returned to the

21、 literature. (P57)I turned eventually to Google. (P57) Which is more helpful and to what extent is Google a reliant source of medical information?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI next looked more deeply at the environment

22、al factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (P57) Two stood out: food allergies and toxic load. (P57)I returned to the literature. (P57)Food allergies can cause a myriad of neurological and psychological symptoms, typically without any abdominal complaints, d

23、ecades before diagnosis and are very difficult to identify. (P57)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsbouts of horrific facial painWhen I developed the foot drop, the diagnosis was made: multiple sclerosis (MS).He said that fewer relapses w

24、ould mean less disability, a greater chance that Id still be walking, working, and living my life as I once knew it ten years later.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critica

25、l reading and thinkingUseful expressionsthere was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.It did hurt

26、. A lot.I felt the best Id felt in years.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsMy therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise.As good as the article was, it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal

27、 brain health.The medical literature didnt have that information, nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted, nor did I see it in the food science literature.But he did let me have a test session.I turned eventually to Google, which did help me, nutrient by nutrient, to understand where

28、 various micronutrients I was taking by pill each day were located in the food supply.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsPhysician self-experimentation sometimes does not go as anticipated.The unthinkablethe unimaginablehappened, stunning

29、 me, my family, and my physicians.As a result, Ive changed how I practice medicine.Three years into my healing, I am again experimenting.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading and thinking1. D 2. literature, nutrients, stimulation, micronut

30、rients, environmental Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 1/ Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different fo

31、rms3of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues, cells, ormolecules4epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla5a polymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy药物疗法多态性polymorphism自体免疫的autoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline肾上腺素Suggested answersLangua

32、ge building-up2Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemical activity of an enzyme7a substance that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various diseases characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or proce

33、ss of testing, trying, or putting to the proofsclerosis硬化症coenzyme辅酶herbicide除草剂internist内科医生trial试验Task1 / Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.Suggested answers2Language building-upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task

34、 2 / Signpost language SequenceLanguage building-upSuggested answers1.next 2. Then, Ultimately 3. At first, Eventually 4. NowUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and t

35、hen compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first. _, standing for any time became difficult. _, despite my use of the most current pharmacotherapies, walking and even sitting was tiring, so I needed a tilt-reclin

36、e wheelchair. (Para. 5) 2 _, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. _, realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial, I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types dementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs dis

37、ease. (Para. 8) ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upS

38、uggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal, I _ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (Para. 15)4 _ I focus on teaching my patients how to optimize their nutrition,reduce the

39、ir toxic load, and reduce their risk of food allergies. (Para. 19) nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested answers1.Many things have happened since then. I went

40、to a medical school, completed an internal medicine residency, and became a mother of a son and a daughter. 2. When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. 3. He nevertheless allowed me a test session. It did hurt severely as he previously told me. 4. I am ag

41、ain experimenting three years after my healing. The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation. Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Text A Additional activity Group presentationAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfa

42、miliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you: the definition of Social Neurosciencethe mechanism through which brain-to-brain link worksthe application of social n

43、euroscience to treatment of diseasesthe prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText BCritical reading and thinkingSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking1. the friends relationship with his students (P37) He

44、 was not just inspiring in class but taking a genuine interest in themin their studies, their progress through life, their fears and hopes. A wide circle of former students count themselves among his lifelong friends; He and his wife have always welcomed a steady stream of visitors to their home.Wri

45、te down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking2. the discovery of mirror neurons(P66) Mirror neurons, a widely dispersed class of brain cells that operate like neural WiFi, t

46、rack the emotional flow, movement and even intentions of the person we are with, and replicate this sensed state in our own brain by stirring in our brain the same areas active in the other person. Mirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion. Write down the information

47、on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking3. Diamond and Aspinwalls research (PP 66)Psychologists at the University of UtahReviewed research data about coordination of emotions, cardiovascular r

48、eactions or brain states between mothers with their infants, marital partners arguing and even among people in meetings in the past few decades. Offered the infelicitous term “a mutually regulating psychobiological unit to describe the merging of two discrete physiologies into a connected circuit. A

49、rgue/conclude that emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influence that of the other. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking4. significance of Ca

50、cioppos research (PP 66)Director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of ChicagoProposed that the emotional status of our main relationships has a significant impact on our overall pattern of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity. This theory radically expands t

51、he scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a time. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Think

52、ing5. the meaning of a “broken heart(P67)Social rejection activates the very zones of the brain that generate, among other things, the sting of physical pain.Therefore, the term “broken heart may actually refer not only to the psychological pain from rejection or the disappearance of loved ones but

53、also the genuine physical hurt. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsA wide circle of former studentsa steady stream of visitors to their homethis flow of people who love hi

54、mA wide circle of former studentsa steady stream of visitors to their homethis flow of people who love himMirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagionthe tendency of one person to catch the feelings of another, particularly if strongly expressed.This brain-to-brain link

55、may also account for feelings of rapportCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsReviewing decades of such data, Lisa ., offer To the degree that this occurs, Dr. Diamond and Dr. Aspinwall argue, emotional closeness allows the biology of one pe

56、rson to influence that of the other.makes a parallel proposal expands the scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a timeCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsIn sho

57、rt, my hostility bumps up your blood pressure, your nurturing love lowers mine. Potentially, we are each others biological enemies or allies.all too many peoplethat generate, among other things, the sting of physical pain.exclusion was a death sentence in human prehistory.They note that in many lang

58、uages the words that describe a “broken heart from rejection borrow the lexicon of physical hurt.Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsthe team considered halting the surgery They proposed this to the person the twins had chosen to represent

59、 them, but the representative insisted that the sisters would want the separation to proceed no matter what, so the doctors pressed on.keeping the name confidentialthe womens adoptive and biological fathersCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Difficult sente

60、nces Through a grinding mix of chemotherapy, radiation and all the other necessary indignities of oncology, he has lived on, despite dire prognoses to the contrary. 经历了种种磨难，如化疗、放疗和其他种种因为身患 肿瘤而必须承受的屈辱等，他还继续活着，尽管预后 很不乐观。Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Difficult sentences Even remo