限定和非限定性定语从句讲课稿

1、限定和非限定性定语从句4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。6. when引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 。By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Ea

2、ch time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导。 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常

3、和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句3. 有时as也可

4、用作关系代词。 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语限制性定语从句从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 （限制性）（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is ve

5、ry nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）（非限制性）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（一）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（一）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which

6、I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（二）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（二）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，

7、这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（四）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（四）区别区别1.限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。 非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整 。 2.限定性定语从句: 先行词可以用that 引导。 非限定性定语从句: 先行词不可以用that 引导。3.限定性定语从句: 引导词有时可以省略。 非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。 4.限定性定语从句:主句与从句不需要用逗号隔

8、开。 非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。 5.限定性定语从句: 从句只修饰先行词。 非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。功能和形式方面的区别功能和形式方面的区别限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： 1.Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which

9、they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（五）区别区别 非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散

10、，它与主句之间有一个逗点隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（六）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（六）区别区别The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。 此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：“这位老人只有一个儿子” 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：“The old

11、 man has a son who is in the army . ”那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作”，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。 1.I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。3.All the magazines here which have beautiful p

12、ictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.All the magazines here , which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思改变全句的意思（不只一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐）（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）（杂志只有一种）Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.1.T

13、he famous basketball star, _is an American,came to China yesterday.2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.4.Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6.The scho

14、ol,_I once studied,was built thirty years ago.7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true.whowhomwhichwhichwhenwherewhichHe told me a story, which is already known to all. He came late, which made the teacher angry. He missed the movie, which was a great pity. “which” can be us

15、ed to refer to _.Which和和as引导非限制性定从时的用法区别：引导非限制性定从时的用法区别：1.which引导的非限制性定从不能置于句首，引导的非限制性定从不能置于句首，而而as非限定从可放在句首，句中或句末非限定从可放在句首，句中或句末。2.由由as构成的常见搭配如：构成的常见搭配如：as we all know,as is known to all,as is said above等表等表“正如正如”之意，而之意，而which 不能。不能。3.As 引导的从句在意义上一般不与主句意义引导的从句在意义上一般不与主句意义相背离。相背离。as 引导的非限制性定语从句一些固定句

16、型引导的非限制性定语从句一些固定句型： 1as has been said before 如上所述如上所述 2as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样正如可以想象出来的那样 3as is well known 众所周知众所周知 4as was expected 正如预料的那样正如预料的那样 5as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样正如已经指出的那样 6as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样正如我们都会看到的那样 Eg.As is known to everybody,the moon travels aroun

17、d the earth once every month.As is often the case(情况通常如此），情况通常如此），we have worked out the plan.As is reported in the newspaper, talks between two countries are making progress.Whats the difference between “which” and “as” when they refer to a whole sentence?Structure: “as” can be used in front of the

18、 sentence As was expected, we won the game. We won the game, as was expected.Meaning: “as” always means: 正如正如一样一样 He missed the show,which was a great pity. He invited me to dinner, which made me happy.非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。As引导的定语从句既可以位于句末，也可以位于句首或句中。As everyone knows, China is a cou

19、ntry with a long history.正如大家所知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner.她是位教师，这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。 More examples典型例题 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy(嫉妒) him. A. who B. that C. what D. whichD3。非限制性定从还能将整个主句作为先行。非限制性定从还能

20、将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词用第词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词用第三人称单数。三人称单数。eg.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.eg.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally(就我个人而论) I doubt(怀疑) very much A. it B. that C. when

21、 D. whichD关系代词：关系代词：which / who / whom / whose /as 关系副词：关系副词：when / where(非限制性定语从句中不用关系词非限制性定语从句中不用关系词that；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略)非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词代词和副词在在of which/whom之前可以使用表达数量之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。或定位的数词或代词。1.I am doing different types of exercises, all of _are quite

22、helpful to my health.2.Many people , some of _are not overweight , are going on diets.3.There are 54 students in my class, three of _come from US.Other exampleswhichwhomwhom典型例题 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D

23、. of thatA Its the same in China-many people, some of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on whichCTher

24、e were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. thatA1. I have many friends, some _ are businessmen. A. why B. from which C. who of D. of whom D 2If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. wh

25、en D. whereD 3I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which B. when C. where D. that C 4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. when B. which C. what D. that A 5. Jim pass

26、ed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. itAComplete the following passages with who,whose ,which,where,or when I have a good friend,(1)_ is really thin.Twice a week he goes to the gym,(2)_ he exercises and lifts weights.But the fact is that hes still quite thin,(3)_makes him unhappy. Now he is thinking about taking some pills,(4)_ he th