专业四级词汇语法辅导讲座

1、第一讲：分词独立结构1分词作状语时的逻辑主语1分词的独立结构1第二讲：悬垂结构2一、悬垂致病的分词结构3二、悬垂致病的动名词结构3三、悬垂致病的不定式结构3第三讲：虚拟语气5第一讲：分词独立结构分词作状语时的逻辑主语少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词用来修饰全句。Judging from appearance, he seems to be a strong man. (=If we judge)Generally speaking, the novel is not very inspiring.上述结构只限于为数不多的几个动词，比如：broadly speaking; consi

2、dering; talking of; putting it mildly（说得客气一点）; regarding(touching, respecting) the plan（关于这个计划）; including; pending the trial（在审讯期间）; excluding the captain（不包括船长）; barring accidents（若无意外）; granting that（即使）; strictly speaking; comparatively speaking; roughly speaking; calculating roughly; calculatin

3、g strictly; taking all things into consideration（从各方面来说）; properly speaking等。一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词的独立结构作状语的分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致，分词就应有自己的逻辑主语，这就构成了分词的独立结构。独立结构一般在句首，也可在句尾，表伴随情况常在句尾。其结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+分词构成，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在独立结构中，其逻辑主语可以是分词动作的执行者，也可是承受着；可以是现在分词，也可是过去分词，还可是分词的完成式或被动式。1） 逻辑主语+现在分词：这种

4、结构表示主动意义。如：Mary coming back, they discussed it together.All being well, the project will be finished in 5 months.Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.2) 逻辑主语+过去分词：这种结构表示被动意义。如： This done, they went home. Everything (All)

5、 taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.3) 逻辑主语+分词的完成式或分词的完成被动式这种结构表示先完成的主动意义或先完成的被动意义。如：The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.The earthquake having destroyed everything, they became homeless.So much t

6、ime having been spent, the work is only half done.4）there+being +其他成分这种结构多放在句首，也可放在句尾，其中的being不可省。如：There being nothing to do, we played games.They closed the store, there being no customers.5) 可以省略being或having been的结构在下面的七种结构中，分词being或having been可以省略。逻辑主语+being+形容词逻辑主语+being+副词逻辑主语+being+名词逻辑主语+bei

7、ng+介词短语逻辑主语+being+过去分词逻辑主语+having been+过去分词逻辑主语+being+不定式The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious. She sat quietly by the window, her eyes (being) full of tears. The storm (being) over, everything was in peace again.There were 100 entrants for the competition, the youngest (being) a boy

8、 of 12. He came in, a dictionary (being) in his hand. This (being) done, he left the room.The thief (having been) caught, they felt relieved.They decided to buy a car, Mike (being) to pay half the money. We planted 500 trees today, the rest (being) to be planted tomorrow.有时候，用being还是having been，意义上稍

9、有差别。比较：The signal being given, the train started. （时间上接得很紧）The signal having been given, the train started. （时间上有间隔）The signal given, the train started. （时间上无间隔）有时还会见到下列两个结构：With (without)+逻辑主语+现在分词主动意义（正在进行或发生）With (without)+逻辑主语+过去分词被动意义 （已经完成）第二讲：悬垂结构如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，这样的分词短语就是悬垂结构（独立结构及generall

10、y speaking等除外）。例如：Looking up at the sky, the moon shone bright and clear. 悬垂结构是应该加以避免的语病，归纳起来，可分为下面几类：一、悬垂致病的分词结构Walking along the lake, the country scenery presented a lovely show.Sitting at the window, a flock of birds flew across the sky. 解决办法就是要么扩展从句，要么改变主句的主语。二、悬垂致病的动名词结构动名词同介词构成动名词短语，其逻辑主语也是主句

11、的主语。By building a railway there, coal can be carried out from the mountain.From attending the class, the principles of physics were made clear.改正悬垂动名词有两个方法：一是改变句子结构；二是在动名词前加上代词或名词的属格。三、悬垂致病的不定式结构不定式短语常放句首，作目的状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就为病句。例如：To speak English well, a lot of practice is needed.To admit fresh

12、 air, the windows were all wide open.解决办法是将主句结构进行改变，使主语一致。四悬垂致病的从句结构如果时间、条件等状语从句的主语不是主句的主语或宾语，从句的主语和相关的动词不可省略，否则就荡然无着，句意不合情理。如：While reading the book, the door bell rang. Though troubled by heavy family cares, the work was done as well as ever.上面两句可改为：While she was reading the book, the door bell ra

13、ng.或：While reading the book, she heard the door bell ring.Though he was troubled by heavy family cares, the work was done as well as ever.或：Though troubled by heavy family cares, he did the work as well as ever.五、悬垂但不致病的分词及分词短语个别的分词及分词短语在句中没有逻辑上的主语，但已经成为惯用语或在词性上已转化为别类词（如介词），被认为是正确用法，主要有如下几种情况：1 单个现在

14、分词（已转化为介词）regarding; concerning; considering; respecting; touching; including; counting; barring; following; beginning; wanting; failing; pending（在.之前；直到）; notwithstanding; excepting等。例如：Touching her wealth, I have nothing to say.They were all saved excepting the captain.There are 10 applicants, cou

15、nting Bill.Wanting patience, one wont succeed. (=without)Failing water, fish cant live. (=without)She stayed here 3 months wanting one day.They had to stay in the secret cave pending nightfall. （在.之前；直到）The new regulations were effective beginning October 1.另外还有supposing一词也可作分词，如：Supposing her unwil

16、ling, what then?2 分词短语这类分词有些是及物动词，有些是不及物动词，为固定说法，有些已经转化为介词短语。这类短语有：according to; judging from; talking of; allowing for（考虑到）; owing to; coming to（说到；论及）; getting back to; not/without excepting（包括）；leavingon one side（抛开不谈）; taking all things together; taking all things into consideration; setting asi

17、de; viewing it from this point等。The project will take about 8 months, allowing for delays caused by the rainy season.Coming to politics, he is a layman(门外汉). Everyone helped, not/without excepting Kate. 3. 副词+speaking这类分词短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; roughly speaking; honestly speaking;

18、properly speaking; strictly speaking; politically speaking; geographically speaking; biologically speaking; theoretically speaking等。六、悬垂但不致病的从句结构如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语或宾语相同，则可将从句的主语及相关的动词（尤其是be动词）省略，这种结构似乎悬垂，但都是合乎逻辑的正确句子。1） when/while时间从句。如：He enjoyed swimming when (he was) a young man.A fortress is most v

19、ulnerable when (it is) attacked from within.2） where/wherever地点从句。如：Plant trees wherever (it is) possible.The river is smooth where (it is) deep. （静水深流。）3） though/although/even if/however/whether/while让步从句。例如：Although (he is) in his teens, he has already made some discoveries.One should not boast ab

20、out ones achievements, however (they may be) great. (they= achievements)4） since原因从句。如：That is a useless, since (it is) impossible, proposal.He has, since (he is) a famous scientist, great influence on the public.5） till/until时间从句。如：She did not care about it till (it was) too late.Dont say anything

21、until (you are) asked.6） as/than比较从句。如：Alice is more shy than (she is) unsocial.She is healthier than (she hasbeen) ever.His deep thinking can be more easily conceived than (it can be easily) described.7） as/as if/as though方式从句。如：She wrote the paper as (she was) requested.The hill as (it is) seen fr

22、om here commands a fine view.The wounded soldier moved his lips as if (he were going to) to say something.8） if/unless条件从句。如：He is fifty, if a day. (=if she is a day old)We have covered 200 miles, if a yard. (=if we have come a yard)Come at five, if not earlier. (=if you cant come earlier)Never give

23、 advice unless asked. (=unless you are asked)9） considering that（因为，考虑到，=since）；seeing that （因为，既然，=since）；notwithstanding that（尽管，= though）；admitting/allowing/assuming/granting that （即使，尽管，= though）；granted that（即使，= even if）；provided that（如果，只要，=on condition that）。这些分词+that表示原因、让步、条件等。如：They start

24、ed their trip notwithstanding that it rained heavily.（让步）He knows much of the world seeing that he is only 12 years old.（原因）Admitting that she has made a mistake, you should forgive her.（让步）Granted that he is drunk, that is no excuse.（让步）Provided that one is diligent and patient, one can achieve som

25、ething.（条件）第三讲：虚拟语气一虚拟语气虚拟语气把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现实中真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。如：Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.A judicious man wouldnt do like that.Not to be moved by the sight would require a heart of stone. 二、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用虚拟语气一般用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句、

26、推测条件句和错综时间条件句。1虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句可分为两类：一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称作推测条件句。（1） 与现在事实相反的情况：（略）。（2） 与过去事实相反的情况：（略）。（3） 与将来时间相反的情况：条件从句：A式：一般过去式 B式：were+不定式 C式：should+动词原形结果主句：would/should +动词原形例如：If they treated me as a slave, I had to resign. (与现在事实相反)If he were here this evening, we w

27、ould play chess. (与将来时间相反)If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. (与将来时间相反)If it should rain again, what else could I do? (与将来时间相反)If she should know it, she would tell me. (与将来时间相反) snowed (常用形式)If it were to snow (可能性较小) tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.should snow (可能性较大)虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行

28、时，表示“如果正在”等，主句中谓语仍用would/might/should/could, 并可根据情况选用时态。例如：If she were living a hard life, he should be responsible for it.If human beings were not killing each other, we could be living a happy life.If you hadnt been studying so hard, you might have failed the exam.NOTE: a)条件句中有were/had/should/coul

29、d时，可以省略if, 而把were/had/should/could放在主语前，用倒装结构。这种用法主要用于书面语中。b) could have+过去分词也可用于虚拟条件句中，这时的could是情态动词，表示“能够”, 相当于had been able to。例如：If I could have earned enough money, I should have travelled over the world.If you could have prevented mistakes, you might have been more successful.c) 在同一个句子中，不能一部分表

30、示真实条件，另一部分表示非真实条件，不然就会破坏句子的一致性。2错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now. (过去现在)If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. (现在过去)If the ship had left at noon, it w

31、ould be passing through the canal now. (过去现在进行)If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour. (过去将来)If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. (现在将来)If Mary should arrive today, she must have started 3 days ago. (将来过去)如果条件句作宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。例如：I have t

32、old her that if she made another try, she might be successful.3A wise man wouldnt have done that无“条件”的虚拟语气句子这里所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的If或I wish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词。分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来，只不过为了行文的简洁，用跳层的方法把条件省掉罢了。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。表示无“条件”的词有：with/without/but for/or/but/ot

33、herwise/even/in case of/what if (如果将如何)等。例如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded.They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.*but for/without=If it were not forShe wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she couldnt have left the meeting so early.She said she would

34、 have come to the party, only she had an urgent matter to attend to.Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same.I would do so in your place.With better equipment, we could have done it better.What would he not give for it?Doing your best, you would be scolded all the time.More measu

35、res would have been taken to get better results.Given more time, we would do it better.Left to himself, he would get lost in the woods.Cooked a little longer, the meat would be more delicious.A gentleman wouldnt have said so.Your refusal would make him sad.With all the world to rule, he would not be

36、 content.I wouldnt be deceived so easily.The least error would spoil the secret plan.A nation, which often got into political troubles, would never make progress.What would people say about him, whose wife should take bribes?To talk with him, you would know he is a frank man.To have studied harder,

37、you would have passed the exam.Failing this, what would you do?The same thing, happening in war time, would amount to disaster.On being shown this book, no one would believe that it was written by a 10-year girl.A man who stopped working would amount to nothing.He would be a foolish man who should v

38、enture that.Give him an inch and he would want a foot.In the absence of the keeper, the house would have been burned down.It would be wrong not to take this matter into consideration.A true friend wouldnt have done so.A judicious man would not have committed suicide.They would have paid attention to

39、 a nice girl.Not to be moved by it would require a heart of stone.Anyone seeing them together might think that they are twin sisters.Ordinarily, he would have flown into rage.Whipping would be too good for the wicked man.Any man who should do that would be laughed at.4含蓄条件句有些句子没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或从句，但仍要

40、用虚拟语气。这样的句子要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么是隐含在上下文中，因此被称为含蓄条件句。I would do anything for her. (if I could)You might have failed. (if you made less efforts)Even stones would shed tears. (to hear the sad story)She might have refused to answer. (if you had asked her)We could have won the battle. (But we were impatient

41、)We would have made a lot of money. (But we gave up halfway)Such mistakes could have been avoided. (if one had been more careful)She would have acted as you did. (if she were you)*but+表示条件的结构would+动词原形+but/except+现在时陈述句（陈述语气）表示同现在事实相反的假设。would have+过去分词+ but/except+过去时陈述句（陈述语气）表示同过去事实相反的假设。例如：I woul

42、d have gone with her but I was too busy. She would gain weight but she doesnt eat enough.*but 既可表示虚拟条件，也可表示真实条件，但but that只能表示虚拟条件。She would have come to see you but that she was ill that day.She would have bought the book but that she had no money then.*but that结构可放句首，并可换为but for+名词结构，而but则不可。例如：But

43、 that I saw it, I couldnt have believed it. But that it snowed heavily, they could have arrived there earlier.三、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用1 动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气（用法同前面的三种情况一致）2 if only和would that后用虚拟语气谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”。If only she had known where to find you.If only I could speak sev

44、eral foreign languages!Would that I were you again.Would that实际上是I(we) would的简化，I would相当于I wish。如：I would I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.We would that we had seen through earlier.3. 虚拟语气用在suggest/order/demand等后的宾语从句中在propose; command; request; desire; insist; require; decide; promise

45、; arrange; ask(要求); move; consent; determine; recommend; advise; intend; beg; resolve(决意); argue; maintain(主张); deserve(值得提及);prefer; decree(裁决); vote(投票决定); urge; instruct; advocate; persuade; dictate(命令); agree(决定); pray(恳求); legislate(立法); sentence(判决); object(反对); expect(希望); direct(命令); appoint

46、(命令); provide(规定); specify(指定); persist(坚持); permit(允许); petition(请愿); stipulate(规定)等意念动词、祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。例如：The committee decided that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket.The examination instructions ask that the students (should) not use a red pen.It was arranged

47、 that she leave the next week.4. 虚拟语气用在advice/demand/order等名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中这类名词有：advice；demand；order；necessity；resolution；pay；decision；proposal；requirement；suggestion；idea；recommendation；preference；request；plan；motion；desire；sentence等。这时，谓语用动词原形或should+动词原形。例如：We will issue the regulation that t

48、he library (should) be open even on Sunday.It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.Their desire was that a treaty (should) be signed.The sentence is that the murderer (should) be shot.5. 虚拟语气用在important/necessary等后的从句中这类形容词有：important; necessary; urgent; essent

49、ial; appropriate; desirable; insistent; obligatory; vital; advisable; better; keen; preferable; fitting; right; good; proper; compulsory; careful; funny; pitiful; imperative(迫切的); resolved(决心的); eager(热切的); anxious(急切的); concerned(关切的); ridiculous; unthinkable等。它们可以构成“It is+形容词（名词）+that”句型，有些词用于“I a

50、m+形容词+that”句型中，其后的句子要用虚拟语气，为(should) be 型。例如：*It is amazing (odd; strange; surprising; wrong; astonishing; annoying; irritable; upsetting; embarrassing; discouraging; disconcerting; disappointing; perplexing; bewildering; incredible; frightening; alarming; shocking; dreadful; despicable; contemptibl

51、e; tragic; lamentable; deplorable; inconceivable; a pity; a shame; a thousand pities; to be regretted) 和I am surprised (sorry; upset; ashamed; embarrassed; pleased; happy; glad) 等结构后that 从句中要用should，一般不能省，意为“竟然、居然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。*主句中的表语形容词为true; certain; sure; natural; evident; apparent; likely;

52、 probable; possible; confident或为no wonder时，其后从句中的谓语应用陈述语气。*有时候可将表示情感等的句子前一部分省略，只保留that以后的部分，成为虚拟语气的感叹句。例如：That he should miss such a golden opportunity! (=It is a pity that)That they should resort to violence! (=I am surprised that )6. 在It is (high/about) time句型中要求用虚拟语气这时，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事

53、而已经有些晚了”。例如：It is high time that we were off.It is time that we went to bed.也可改用should+动词原形（用should时， 不能将其省略），但不如用过去式常见。It is about time we should go to bed. (should 不能省略)It is quite time she should wash her clothes. (should 不能省略)I suppose its almost time we were leaving. (should be leaving) 上述两种形式均

54、可用It is time for sb. to do sth. 代替。*Its time I was in bed. （通常不用were）*这类结构中用about/quite/really/high等是为了缓和或加强语气。7. 在for fear that, in order that, so that, lest等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。从句谓语动词用should/could/might+动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should有时可省略。例如：He kept silent lest he (should) disturb he

55、r.I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.*若in order that和so that前的主句是现在时，其后的从句有时也可用can, may+动词原形。8. think等动词后的虚拟语气think, allow, admit, grant, suppose, mean, consider, promise, accept等意念动词或态度动词也可以表示对可能情况的一种意志或态度。但只可用should+动词结构，不用be型结构。例如：I didnt mean that you should come

56、 so early.They promised that we should have a good rest after the work.9. marvel等动词后的虚拟语气marvel/rejoice/wonder/regret等表示强烈感情变化的意念动词，用于否定句、感叹句和疑问句中的think, suppose以及hate可以表示意外地可喜、可惊、可悲、可疑等情况，其宾语从句用should+动词结构，一般不用be型结构。例如：I marvel that he should be able to do so much in such a short time.I regret that

57、 you should consider it a burden to do it.Do you think it proper that she should say that?I never thought Helen should be so vain and selfish.10. imagine后的虚拟语气imagine表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想、态度（用were型结构），也可表示对过去非实际情况的意想（用had+过去分词结构）。例如：Imagine that we were on a desolate island now.Imagine that he had not taken those measures, what would have happened?11. 以as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时