新核心综合学术英语教程第一册 Unit 2

1、综合学术英语教程综合学术英语教程 1上海交通大学出版社上海交通大学出版社Unit 2 Urbanization Learning objectivesIn this unit, students are expected to:1.acquire background information related to global warming.2. skim for main ideas and scan for specific details. 3. process and integrate information from different sources. 4. paraphras

2、e mid-long and complex sentences. 5. communicate ideas on the topic via writing and speaking. 6. conduct an individual or group project. Part I Suggested projectslBrainstorm, narrow down the topic, then choose a focus;lSearch for information (articles, report, pictures, videos, etc.) from English so

3、urces;lProcess the information, and choose examples and details to support the aspects that are to be presented;lWrite a report with the information selected, and make a multimedia presentation of the report in class;lDesign quizzes or Q & A section for the presentation. Recommended steps to do

4、the project are:Part I Suggested projectslvarious causes of urbanizationlthe urbanization in the last decades in Chinalthe urbanization in the last decades around the world lurbanization and economic effects lurbanization and the environmental effects lurbanization and peoples life lsolutions to mee

5、t the challenge of urbanization Key topic areas are: Background information1. modernization 现代化（进程）现代化（进程）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information A model of a progressive transition from a pre-modern or traditional to a modern society. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assu

6、ming that, with assistance, traditional countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social

7、 evolution. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and free-market ideologies, world-2. 2. Industrialization 工业化（进程）工业化（进程）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Industrialisation (or industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a

8、human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the ext

9、ensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation. 3. Dhaka 达卡（印度城市）达卡（印度城市）Unit 2

10、Part II Text-related information Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. Located on the Buriganga River in the heart of the Bengal delta, Dhaka has an estimated population of more than 15 million people, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and the 8th largest city in the world. Dhaka is one of the

11、major cities of South Asia. It is known as the City of Mosques, and with 400,000 cycle-rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World. Dhaka is also one of the worlds most densely populated cities.4. Karachi 卡拉奇（巴基斯坦首都）卡拉奇（巴基斯坦首都）Unit 2 Part II

12、 Text-related information Karachi is the largest and most populous metropolitan city of Pakistan and its main seaport and financial centre, as well as the capital of Sindh province. The city has an estimated population of over 23.5 million people as of 2013, and an area of approximately 3,527 km2 (1

13、,362 sq mi), resulting in a density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the 3rd-largest city in the world by population within city limits the 7th largest urban agglomeration in the world and the largest city in the Muslim world. It is Pakistans centre

14、 of banking, 5. Jakarta 雅加达（印尼首都）雅加达（印尼首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Jakarta, officially known as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. Located on the northwest coast of Java,

15、Jakarta is the countrys economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 9,761,407 as of December 2012, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta,

16、 Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and 6. Mumbai 孟买孟买 （印度城市）（印度城市）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, second most populous metropolitan area in India, and the fifth most populous city in the world, with a

17、n estimated city population of 18.4 million and metropolitan area population of 20.7 million as of 2011. Along with the urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai, Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has

18、 a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It is 7. Delhi 德里德里(印度首都印度首都)Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Also known as the National Capital Territory of India is a metropolitan region in India. With a population of nearly 22.2 million residents as of 2011, it is t

19、he second most populous urban agglomeration in the world, as well as the largest city in India by land area. The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the Constitution of Indias 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring

20、 cities of Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Greater Noida, Sonepat, Panipat, Karnal, Rohtak, Rewari, Baghpat, Meerut, Alwar, Bharatpurdisambiguation needed and other nearby towns.8. Manila 马尼拉（菲律宾首都）马尼拉（菲律宾首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Manila is the capital and second largest city

21、of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities which, along with the municipality of Pateros, make up Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, whose overall population is around 12 million. The city of Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is bordered by the cities of Navot

22、as and Caloocan to the north; Quezon City and San Juan to the northeast; Mandaluyong to the east; Makati to the southeast, and Pasay to the south. It has a total population of 1,652,171 according to the 2010 census 9. Seoul首尔首尔 （韩国首都）（韩国首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Seoul, officially th

23、e Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. The Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, is the worlds third largest metropolitan area with over 25.6 million people, home to over half of South Koreans along with 632,

24、000 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than 2,000 years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon 10 . Beijing （中国首都）（中国首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related informat

25、ion Sometimes romanized as Peking, Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world. The population as of 2013 was 21,150,000. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national governm

26、ent, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban 11 . The Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲珠江三角洲Unit 2 Part II Text

27、-related information Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao in Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of

28、Chinas economic growth. This region is often considered an emerging megacity. The PRD is not a megalopolis but rather one rapidly forming megacity, and itself the southern end of a larger megalopolis running along the southern coast of China, which include large metropolises like Chaoshan, Zhangzhou

29、-Xiamen, Quanzhou-Putian, and Fuzhou.12. Shanghai 上海上海 （中国最大的城市）（中国最大的城市）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Shanghai is the largest Chinese city by population and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities, with a population of mor

30、e than 24 million as of 2013. It is a global financial center, and a transport hub with the worlds busiest container port. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of

31、 Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea. For centuries a major administrative, shipping, and trading town, Shanghai 13. Suzhou 苏州苏州 Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Suzhou is a major city in the southeast of Jiangsu Province in East

32、ern China, adjacent to Shanghai Municipality. The city is on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Taihu Lake and is a part of the Yangtze River Delta region. Administratively, Suzhou is a prefecture-level city with an urban population of over 4 million in its core districts. W

33、ith its administrative area expanding to over 10 million of population as of 2010, Suzhou is the ninth most populous city in mainland China. It is considered one of the richest major cities in China. 14. Tokyo 东京（日本首都）东京（日本首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis

34、, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kant re

35、gion on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府) and the city of Tokyo (東京市).15. Mexico City 墨西哥城墨西哥城 （墨西哥首都）（墨西哥首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related informat

36、ion Mexico City, officially known as Mxico, D. F., or simply D. F, is the federal district, capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City

37、is the countrys largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center. As an alpha global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de Mxico), a large 16. So Paulo 圣保罗（巴西首都

38、）圣保罗（巴西首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information So Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city proper in the southern hemisphere, the largest city of the Americas, and the worlds seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the So Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the

39、 second most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among the ten largest metropolitan areas in the world. So Paulo is the capital of the state of So Paulo, Brazils most populous state. It exerts strong regional influence in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment and a strong internationa

40、l influence. The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus.17. New York 纽约纽约Unit 2 Part II Text-related information New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the worldthe New York metropolitan area. The city is refer

41、red to as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Natio

42、ns Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. 18. Cairo 开罗开罗 （埃及首都）（埃及首都）Unit 2 Part II Text-related information Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Middle-East and Africa.

43、 Its metropolitan area is the 16th largest in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in CE 969. Nicknamed the city of a thousand minarets for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the regions political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the F

44、atimid dynasty in the 10th century CE, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt as it is close to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are 19. The Pro

45、gramme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development人口与发展国际会议行动纲要人口与发展国际会议行动纲要Unit 2 Part II Text-related information The United Nations coordinated an International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt from 513 September 1994. Its resulting Program of A

46、ction is the steering document for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA联合国人口基金会). Some 20,00 delegates from various governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and the media gathered for a discussion of a variety of population issues, including immigration, infant mortality, birth control, family planning,

47、 the education of women, and protection for women from unsafe abortion services.20. the United Nations Millennium Declaration 联合国千禧年宣言联合国千禧年宣言Unit 2 Part II Text-related information On September 8, 2000, following a three day Millennium Summit of world leaders at the headquarters of the United Natio

48、ns, the General Assembly 联合国安理会adopted the Millennium Declaration. A follow-up outcome of the resolution was passed by the General Assembly on 14 December 2000 to guide its implementation. Progress on implementation of the Declaration was reviewed at the 2005 World Summit of leaders. The Millennium

49、Declaration has eight chapters and key objectives, adopted by 189 world leaders during the summit: The Declaration, after the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, stresses the 21. The Industrial Revolution工业革命工业革命 (资本主义工业化过渡阶段资本主义工业化过渡阶段)Unit 2 Part II Text-related information The Industrial

50、Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the inc

51、reasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and the United States within a few decades. 22. Lagos 拉各斯（尼日利亚旧都和最大港市）拉各斯（尼日利亚旧都和最大港市）Uni

52、t 2 Part II Text-related information Lagos, a port and the most populous city in Nigeria, is the second fastest-growing city in Africa and the seventh in the world. Lagos, which means lakes, was a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese. The population of Lagos according to the Lagos State Go

53、vernment, was 17.5 million. These figures are however disputed by the Nigerian Government and judged unreliable by the National Population Commission of Nigeria. The latest reports estimate the population at 21 million, making Lagos the largest city in Africa. Text analysis Unit 2 Part II Text-relat

54、ed information Reading 1, the first lead-in article, gives a general introduction of urbanization in the world. Reading 2 offers positive and negative effects of urbanization on the world. Reading 3 continues to elaborate on the impacts of urbanization on the society and people. The fourth extension

55、 article focuses on the how to prepare for the urban growth. The migration to America consisted of three waves of settlers. Swallows begin their migration south in autumn. Unit 2 Part III Reading 1e.g.2. be attributed to (Para. 1) be caused by, be the result of The car accident was attributed to fau

56、lty brakes. He attributed the projects success to a sophisticated computer program.e.g.Language Points 1. migration (Para. 1) n. the movement of people or animals from one country or locality to anotherUnit 2 Part III Reading 1e.g.3. project (Para. 1) v. predict, estimate, calculate 4. respectively

57、(Para. 1) adv. in the same order as the people or things already mentionedTwo air-conditioners are installed respectively near the front and back doors.Mike and Kenneth were married in 1985 and 1990, respectively.e.g. It is projected that trading revenues will fall 28% from the first quarter to $7 b

58、illion, or 29% from a year ago.They projected the building costs for the next five years.Government spending is projected to rise by four percent next year.Unit 2 Part III Reading 1e.g.5. proportion (Para. 2) n. a part or share of the whole, or the relationship between one thing and another in size,

59、 amount, or degree.6. overall (Para. 2) adv. & ad. general or including everything The U. S. had been the biggest overall energy consumer since the early 1900s.How much worse might the overall traffic situation get in China? e.g.Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty

60、.He would have been tall if he had legs in proportion to his arms.cf. out of proportion to Unit 1 Part III Reading 1e.g.7. relative to (Para. 2) compared with8. transformation (Para. 3) n. a complete change into something elseThere has been a great transformation of my diet, and one that I do not regret a b