高考英语写作技巧

1、一、 造句选词服务于造句，而句子又是表达思想的最小语言单位。因此，如何写出简洁、生动、有力的句子是写作成功的关键因素。作文的句子除了要合乎一定的语法规则之外，还需遵循以下几条原则：1、基本的句式模式：虽然写作中会出现多种句式，但就单句而言，共有以下六种基本的句型模式：a. S V（主动）wheels turn （车轮转动。）b. S V C（主系表）Milk turns sour.（牛奶变酸了）c. S V O （主动宾）Men turn wheels.（人们转动车轮）d. S V Oi Od（主动间宾直宾）Smith gives his assistant some hints.（史密斯给他

2、的助手一些暗示。）e. S V O Co （主动宾宾补）Smith considers his suggestion very important.（史密斯认为他的建议很重要。）f. There+ V+ S(There+ 动+主)There are still lots of problems for Smith to consider.（史密斯还有很多问题要考虑）2.句子结构的变化单一句式给人以枯燥、乏味、单调的感觉，而句式结构适当变化可以给文章增色，进而有助于引起阅卷教室的注意。句式结构切忌使用同一句型，特别是全部使用主谓句式，请看下例：Mr. Zhang is a good teache

3、r. He knows all his students advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways. He also knows how to educate them in the proper time. He is a close friend of his students.纠正上面文章句子结构的单一性可以从以下几个方面着手：a.把简单句改为并列句或复合句；b.加上连接词起逻辑承接作用。上面一段句子结构单一的段落可以改写如下：As a good teacher, Mr. Zhang knows all

4、his students advantages and shortcomings. He teaches them in different ways and knows how to educate them in the proper time. As a result, he becomes a close friend of his students besides a teacher.3. 句子长度的变化一篇好文章，句子不能写得太长，结构太复杂会令人费解。句子若太短，虽然，每一句话都说得很清楚，但是连贯性差，读起来没有味道，闪光点太少，抓不住阅卷老师的注意力，也不能得高分。因此，一篇

5、好的文章要求句子长度适中，长短有变化。请看下面例文，句子长短适中，读起来耳目一新，印象深刻。Books are to mankind what memory is to the individual.(A is to B what C is to D).They contain the history of our race and the discoveries we have made. (两个简单句合在一起构成并列句)Without them, one can hardly be a scholar, an expert, or an honorable statesman.(利用介词短

6、语，引起注意)Only through them can we see the past things.(倒装句表强调)In short, books lead us to the path of glory.(用连接词过渡到主题)4.句子重点要突出所谓重点突出是指一个句子的主旨受到应有的强调。句子的各个成分，或者强调、或者弱化，都应根据表达的需要做到强弱得当。一般来说，我们可以通过以下几个方面突出句子的重点。（1）将应强调的成分放在醒目的位置句子中最受注意的位置通常是句首和句尾。试比较下面两句话：A. The student who cheats in an examination is c

7、heating only himself ultimately.B. The student who cheats in an examination is ultimately cheating only himself.句A就不如句B重点突出。（2）调整句子的并列和主从关系 当句子互为并列关系时，各方面都得到相同强调；而在主从复合句中，强调之处通过主句来表达，非强调之处则通过从句或附加成分来表达。试看下例：I. They were waiting for the meeting to begin. They talked each other. They talked about the

8、Chinese women volleyball team. The volleyball team had won victories.ii. While they were waiting for the meeting to begin ,they talked about the victories that the Chinese woman volleyball team had won.在A段中，所以内容均为并列成分，因此无重点可言。修改后的文章重点有了应有的突出，使文章层次清楚，意思明确。（3）英语表达中通常采用渐进法。即先不说重要的内容，再说重要的内容。 例如：She was

9、 neat, friendly and honest.如果把上句表语反过来说就不恰当。（4）主动句与被动句的搭配使用 汉语中被动句用得少，但英语却比较多。被动语态常常用于突出动作的承受者，皆在进行客观描述、报导等。而主动句是强调句子的发出者，要根据句子表达得重点选择使用。（5）为了突出句子的某一部分，我们还可以采用强调句（It is/wasthat）、倒装句或排比句式去增加表达效果。三、段落写作1.段落的组成一个段落常常是由两个部分组成，即表达该段落主题的主题句（Topic sentence）部分和说明、论述及支持这一主题的扩展句（Developing sentences.）部分。在某些段落中

10、，还有第三个部分：结论句（Ending sentence）部分。如图所示： 主 题 句 扩展句（2）扩展句(1)扩展句（3） 结 尾 句下面这段文章的结构比较清晰和完整：Diligence is the key factor of success, Diligence gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. Many men have become great because of their hard work, Diligence can make a fool wise and a poor ma

11、n rich. Thus, we know that diligence is a good thing.把上面这个段落按上图进行分解，其结构便一目了然： 主 题 句扩展句（2）扩展句(1)扩展句（3）Diligence is theMany men haveDiligence canDiligence gives 结 尾 句 Thus，we know从以上例子可以看出，按照这种方法写出来的段落，主题明确，条理清楚，而且容易被初学者掌握。2. 段落的基本特征（1）段落的一致性（Unity）一致性用英语表示是unity，又可译为整体性。英语写作理论十分强调文章的整体性，也就是说，一篇文章要有一个

12、明确的核心思想，即主旨。同样，每个段落也都应该有各自明确的中心思想，即主题句。文中的各个段落以主旨为核心进行阐述和说明，段中的每一句话都要以主题句为核心来论证。英语写作中的一致性原则体现在段落上。段落的一致性就是说，一段文章必须讨论一个中心思想，服务于一个目的。根据一致性的原则，文章所有细节都要与主题句直接相关，要有利于说明中心思想。凡是与中心思想无关的句子都不能出现在段落中，否则就破坏了英语写作的一致性原则。请看下面两个例子：【例1】Many of us impose unnecessary limitations upon ourselves. We say, or think, we c

13、ant do something without really checking. We hold ourselves back when we could move ahead. We assume that certain good occupations are closed to us, when theyre really not closed at all. We think were NOT OK when were really just as good as the next person.例1的中心思想是“我们中许多人的能力被我们自己认为地束缚住了”，后面四句都是围绕这一核

14、心展开的。【例2】Of the several typical units in a shopping center, the department store, the five-and-ten cent store, and the drug store deserve special mention. A department store, true to its name, is composed of many departments. Indeed, it is in itself a miniature shopping center, selling virtually eve

15、rything but foodstuffs. Mens and womens clothing, shoes, hats, furniture, floor coverings, large and small electrical appliances,house，wares，sporting，goods, books, jewelry, stationery, cameras, records, cosmetics, toys, linens, curtains and draperies, silverware and chinawareall these and many other

16、 items are part of the regular stock of the modern department store.例2的核心内容是介绍百货商店，下面几句都是在讲百货店的售货范围。然而段中的第一句是统帅下面三句的核心句。根据第一句，读者可以判断出下面的三句是分别围绕三方面展开。（2）段落的连贯性（Coherence）在一篇文章里，语言的连贯主要体现在句与句和段与段之间。连贯性好的语言前句很自然地带出后句，中间不停顿，后句与前句呼应，句句相连，一气呵成，读起来不打磕绊，就如同一段优美的乐曲。同样，段与段之间也要相互呼应，不可各自独立、前段不搭后段、后段不理前段，使文章缺乏整体

17、性。段落的连贯性是指在一段文章中，句子的安排必须符合一定的顺序和条理；各句之间的衔接要紧密，过渡要流畅。条理不清、行文不畅的文章会给读者以费解的感觉。通常，文章的连贯是通过以下两种手段来实现的：A. 内容的安排（Arrangement of Details）文章细节可按照逻辑关系编排材料次序：(1)时间顺序（常见于记叙文和说明文）；(2)空间顺序（常见于说明文、描述文、记叙文）；（3）段落内容重要性递增或递减顺序（常见于各类文体）；(4)归纳法（常见于说明文议论文）；(5)演绎法（常见于记叙文、说明文、议论文）。B. 过渡连接语的使用语言的连贯方法很多，有我们最常说到的过渡词（transiti

18、onal words），也可以成为转折词。为确保段落内的连贯性，除了内容安排要符合一定的顺序外，句子与句子之间还应使用适当的过渡连接语。请阅读下面两段文章，体会一下过渡连接语的使用情况。试比较下面两例：There are reasons why I like to fish. I enjoy the pull of a four-pound bass at the other end of the line. My enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of the lake. I dont like him close t

19、o shore among the weeds. The hope of watching a big one lures me to the less-knows pools and the cool waters beneath some underwater rocky ledge. I like to have a well-oiled and smooth-running motor to drive my boat from spot on the open lake I like the quite under the pen sky away from the weekend

20、campers and two-week vacationers. I prefer the last reason.这一段落在一致性方面没有大的问题，内容也具有一定的连贯性，但由于缺乏连接词语的使用，不能明确地揭示句间和段落发展中的逻辑关系，读起来连贯性不强，枯燥乏味。如果加上相应的连接词语，这一段落就变得更加完整。 There are three reasons why I like to fish. First，I enjoy the pull of a four-pound bass at the other end of the line. Moreover my enjoyment

21、 increases if the fish is in the deep waters of the lake， rather than close to shore among the weeds. Second ，the hope of watching a big one lures me to the less-knows pools and the cool waters beneath some underwater rocky ledge. Still I like to have a well-oiled and smooth-running motor to drive m

22、y boat from spot on the open lake. Finally, I like the quite under the pen sky away from the weekend campers and two-week vacationers. Of the three reasons, I prefer the last reason.上面这一段虽然也是由简单的句子组成，但由于有效地使用了连接词语，并不给人留下简单的印象；相反，读者通过连接词语，正确地了解到作者所陈述的“three reasons”的具体内容。加上合适的连接词语后，该段落的连贯性得到明显加强，读起来有

23、“一气呵成”的感觉。 在写作中，写段落时始终有明确的写作目的，并且能有意识地使用过渡连接词语，这是加强段落连贯性的重要方法。常用的过度连接词：（1） 有关“启”的常用词语：用于引导主题句，或用于主题句的后面，引导第一扩展句。 first (ly) 第一 at first 最初 first of all 首先，第一 in the beginning 起初 in the first place首先，第一 at present 现在 to begin with首先，第一 currently 目前to start with首先，第一 lately 最近 for one thing首先 recently

24、 最近（常与for another连用） in general 一般来说on the one hand首先 generally speaking 一般地说（常与on the other hand连用）（2） 有关“承”的常用词语：用于承接主题句或第一个（或前一个）扩展句。 second(ly)第二，第二点 in other words 换句话说third（ly）第三，第三点 in particular 特别，尤其also/too 并且，又，也 in the same way 同样地besides(this) 此外 after that此后in addition 除之外 after a few

25、days 几天以后furthermore 而且，此外 after a while 过了一会儿moreover而且，此外 from now on 从此what is more而且，此外 later 后来for another 其次 just 正如（常与for one thin连用） similarly 同样的 for example例如 for instance 例如equally important 同样重要地 meanwhile 与此同时as an example例如 at the same time 同时as another example 再如 by this time 此时namely

26、 即，就是 soon 不久then 然后 consequently 结果of course 当然 for this purpose 为此（3）有关“转”的常用词语；用来表示不同或相反的情况。after all 毕竟 on the contrary 相反地but 但是 in contrast 相比之下yet 仍，然而 unlike 与不同however 然而 whereas 然而nevertheless 尽管如此 on the other hand 另一方面conversely 虽然 unfortunately 不幸地through 尽管 still 仍然although 尽管 in fact

27、事实上in spite of 尽管 as a matter of fact 事实上（4）有关“合”的常用词语：用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落结束。finally 最后 as has been noted 如前所述hence 因此 as I have said 如我所诉in brief 简言之 at last 终于，最后in conclusion 总之 at length 最后，终于in short 简言之 by and large 一般说来in summary 摘要地说 consequently 因此therefore 因此 eventually 最终thus

28、 因此 accordingly 于是to sum up 总而言之 indeed 的确to conclude 总而言之 surely 无疑to summarize 总而言之 no doubt 毫无疑问briefly 简单地说 undoubtedly 无疑above all 最重要的是 truly 的确as a consequence 因此 so 所以as a result 所以 obviously 显然for this reason 所以 certainly 无疑注：以上只是一个基本的分类，在不同的上下文中，有的表达方式如 naturally， obviously，consequently，at

29、 length，by and large 可以表达几种不同的逻辑关系。3. 段落写作常用方法 段落是文章的缩影，文章是段落的扩展。段落的扩展必须围绕主题句的中心思想阐述某一方面。段落扩展的方法很多，比较常见的有列举法，举例法、因果法、比较和对比法、归类法。（1） 列举法， 是一种最为常见的段落扩展方法。写出主题句后，需要列举一系列论据对主题内容进行陈述和解释，列举的顺序可以按照各点内容的相对重要性 ，时间的先后或地理位置的远近等关系来进行。请看下面例子： Yesterday was one of those awful day for me when everything I did went

30、 wrong. First ,t didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunchtime, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money t

31、hat was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said“Wet paint” and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key at work .so I broke a window to get in-and cut my hand!根据本段主题句中的

32、关键词组everything I did went wrong作者列举了八点内容，分别有first, then, during the coffee break ,after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚，脉络分明，内容连贯。该段无结尾句。列举常用的词汇及短语有 first , in the first place, first of all ,to begin with , in the second place also ,besides, furthermore ,moreover ,in addition ,what is more, beyond that ,

33、 for another ,for one thing ,finally等。（二） 举例法。为了阐明一个或支持一个观点，采用的例子帮助说明说以常用而且有力的手段，关键在于各个实例都要与主题密切相关，具有典型性和说服力，或者能够不断地深入说明，或反映主题各个侧面。请看下面用举例法展开的段落:There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another ex

34、ample ,if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides ,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter, In short ,no matter what their interests are, people can always find one or more sports that are suitable to them.

35、本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example ，for another example 和besides引出，最后由in short引导的结尾句总结全段内容。举例法常用的表达词汇手段有：for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, as an illustration, such as, namely, that is 等。（3）因果法。在人类的思维活动中，人们常常会根据事物的原因推断其结果，或者根据某一结果分析其原因。

36、写作中的因果法正是这种思维方式在写作过程中的具体体现，所谓因果法，就是通过分析事物发生的原因，自然地说明由此而产生的各种结果，或者分析某一结果。请看下面用因果法展开的段落：It is difficult for workers to find employment this year. One reason is that many industries are not hiring new workers. In addition, industries are reducing their current staff levels because of a decline in natio

37、nal economic conditions. Another reason is that workers who once might have considered early retirement are now staying at their jobs. Finally other works who used to view their jobs as optimal now must keep their positions in order to meet their minimum financial responsibilities.主题句指出：今年工人就业困难，理由有

38、四条。第一，许多工业部分不再雇佣工人，第二，由于全国经济大滑坡，工业部分正在减少现在的职工；第三，原想早日退休的工人仍占得固定的工作；第四，曾想把他们的工作看作跳板的工人现在必须稳住他们的职位，以满足现有最低的经济职责。因果法常用的词汇、短语及句式有：the reason why, as a result, consequently, in consequence, so, from the above reasons, therefore, we have good reasons to believe that, the reasons for such a serious problem

39、 can be, the major causes are（4）比较和对比法。通过两种事物或两件事情的比较和对比得出结论，是一种常见的段落扩展方法。比较侧重于相似之处，而对比则侧重于不同之处。通过比较和对比来明确论述主题内容，增加说服力。Canada and the United States have some differences and similarities. They are both large of heavy and light manufacturing plants. Whereas Canada is self-sufficient in oil. However t

40、he United States imports most of its energy. Unlike the United Stated, however. Canada was once partly under French control, and still a member of British Commonwealth while each country is predominantly English-speaking, Canada has two official languages-English and French, where the United States

41、has only one-English.上段比较了加拿大和美国的一些相同和相异之处。段落首先比较了两者的相似处，然后逐点比较了两者的不同之处。连接词语主要有both，each，whereas，however，unlike，while等。比较和对比法常用的词汇、短语及句式有：on the contrary, in comparison with, compared with, from the other side of matter, just as a coin has two sides, we have to look the other side of the coin, in th

42、e same way, likewise, similarly.4.段落写作模板文章的三段一般可以接下列模式写作：（1）开始段（opening paragraph）俗话说“万事开头难”。开始段是文章中最重要的一段，也是最难写的一段。开始段得目的在于揭示主题，也就是要引出文中要讨论的核心问题，从而起到统领全文的作用。开始段又引导句和中心思想句两部分组成。前者是引起读者的兴趣及注意，后者交代写作的主要目的。英语中有句格言“A good beginning its half the battle.”开始段通常由3句话组成。为了方便大家准备考试，现将开始段的首句常用句型归纳如下：A) It goes

43、without saying that.B) As is known to all,.C) Recently the issue/problem of.has been brought to public attention.D) Recently, extensive studies/investigations show that.E) Its needless to say that.请看Getting up early 一文开始段As is known to all, getting up early is a good habit. It can do us much good. S

44、ome students are often for school because they get up late.第一句引出主题，第二句和第三句进行补充。（2）主题段（正文部分 body paragraph）部分正文是从不同的侧面对文章主题展开论述。各部分阐述的内容必须与主题一致，支持主题思想，但是只涉及主题的一个方面。要通过“启、承、转、合”衔接手段，使整个部分读起来自然流畅，浑然一体。此部分通常由4至5句话组成：一句主题句，三个扩展句，一个总结句。正文部分的首句通常可用以下句型引出：A) As far as.is/are concerned, I want to discuss it

45、in the following ways.B) Therefore, This issue/problem from two aspects.正文发展部分用过渡词引出，归纳如下：A) On the one hand,.on the other hand,.B) For one thing,.，for another,.C) First（ly），第一 Second（ly），第二Third(ly),第三 Moreover，而且，此外Furthermore，而且 Besides，此外In addition，此外Whats far more important is that.更为重要的是.The

46、last but not the least important is that.最后但同样重要的是.就大纲要求的三种文体而言，发展段的这几种写法都很适用，但需要指出的是，最后两个句子可以作为第三段的结尾句，是一个复合句。考生可在平日训练中加以练习，很快即可掌握。请看上面作文的主体部分：As far as the advantages are concerned, I want to discuss it in the following ways. First, getting up early can help you to keep healthy and make you strong

47、er and stronger. Second your can study better in the early morning hours. You think more quickly than in any other time of the day. Whats far more important is that getting up early will also help you to train your character.(3)结尾段（concluding paragraph）结尾段概括全文的内容，使读者对全文有一个完整、清晰的认识。它往往用不同的话重新阐述中心思想，从

48、而与开头段相呼应。写结尾段时应注意三点：不可提出新的观点或设计文章中未谈到的内容；不要过分夸张；也不要单纯重复开始段的话，为总结而总结。尾段通常由三句话组成，现归纳如下：A) From the above discussion, we can make the conclusion that.B) In my opinion, its more advisable that.C) We have every reason to believe that.D) In short, it can be warily proved that.E) As it is described above, we may conclude that.通常为了加强文章结尾段的说服力，可以在尾句用一句格言或谚语来表达。这需要考