阅读理解解题策略指导学生用

1、广东省高考英语阅读专题命题概述一、测试要点1理解主旨大意；     2寻读具体信息；    3理解细节； 4根据上下文提供的语境，推测生词词义，进而加深对文段的理解；5简单的判断和理解；6理解文段的基本逻辑结构；7理解作者的意图和态度；     8理解文段的文化信息；9理解图表信息；     10理解指代关系。二、能力要求1.学会使用2000个左右的单词、400-500个合成词与派生词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配；2.

2、除教材外，课外阅读量应累积达到30万词以上，换言之，300词左右的文段1000篇；3.能通过分析句子的结构理解难句和长句(能理解语言结构有一定难度或有一定新语言现象的文段)；4.能根据阅读目的和文段的不同,调整阅读速度和阅读方法，阅读速度每分钟70-80词。三、答题技能1略读；2找读； 3预测下文；4理解大意； 5分清文章中的事实和观点；6猜测词义7推理判断；8. 了解重点细节； 9. 理解文章结构； 10.理解图表信息；11.理解指代关系；  12.理解逻辑关系； 13.理解作者意图；14.评价阅读内容。五、解题步骤1、略读题干Skimming 是否矛

3、盾? 2、通读全文Scanning 是否有依据? 3、研读攻关Close-reading 是否弄错信息或逻辑?4、检查验证Check-up 阅读理解解题策略指导六大策略 事实细节题 猜测词义题 意图态度题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 篇章结构题阅读理解攻关策略与方法 意群阅读法 长难句分析法 五大逻辑关注法 综合归因推导法 意群阅读法意群可以由一个单词、词组或短语组成，也可以由一个从句或一定的语法结构组成。一定的语法结构包括先行词和定语从句、同位词和同位语从句、被修饰词和介词短语、主语结构等。五大逻辑关注法1.并列关系2.转折关系3.顺序关系4.因果关系5.归纳总结Part A 主旨大意题(一)

4、阅读理解之准确找出主题句     阅读理解的技巧中非常重要的一点是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。     1首句是主题句的规律     给予例证、解释或说明的段落；     下定义的段落；     对两个或两个以上的事物作比较或对比的段落；     表明原因和结果(往往结果交代在前)的段落。     主题句是

5、首句的段落总是用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别或特殊的写作程序，即以概述开段，随之辅以细说。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式。这样的段落在文章中出现得最多，据专门研究阅读理论与技巧的专家们统计，概率达到70%。请看下例：     People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. "In fact, singing and talking to plants make

6、s them grow better," says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to su

7、rvive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 2段落尾句是主题句的规律     (1)阐述一个不常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落。     (2)旨在说服读者相信甚至信服其论点的段落。   &#

8、160; 尾句是主题句的段落总是用归纳法撰写的，其程序是先表述细节或交代论据，最后作出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。在阅读这种文章时，要注意表述细节的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。 请看下例：     If you hadn't known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both wal

9、ked with a steady stride (坚定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they really were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light colored ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was con

10、siderate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.         3段落中间句是主

11、题句的规律    这类段落包括几个层次：引题主题思想解释或“提问”回答问题或继续给予例证。段落的撰写总是遵循这条规律：先归纳后演绎。这种文章通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展。请看下例：     When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and t

12、hen it comes down. When a bullet (子弹) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet

13、it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down.     Part B 事实细节题(二)阅读理解之细节题的解题思路     主题思想只是文章的框架，作者在构思过程中，还必须对要表达的观点或信息进行具体的陈述，读者应能准确记住作者在陈述中谈到是何人、何处、何事、和何时何故，这是十分重要的。  细读是获取事实和细节不可缺少的方法之一，它使读者能够接受信息、记忆信息、分析信息，从

14、而较深入地领会一篇文章。     这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法。     1问句式     A其发问形式主要有以下几种：     How did something happen?     Which of the following people should(not) do it?     Which of the follow

15、ing did somebody have to deal with. ?     Where should somebody do something?     B解题技巧     在解这类题时，可采用“对号入座”的办法，即带着问题找句子，先看文章后面的问题(这常常被认为是非常有效的方法)，注意记忆关键的词语，如：人物、时间、事件等，确定每道题目的发问中心。也就是说，某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样我们就可以带着问题去阅读文章，做到有的放矢。   

16、;     Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that (now that, since, because) they do not have fro

17、nt teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齿龈). Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in theirs.     Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen? &#

18、160;   A. The first stomach compartment.      B. The name of the upper jaw.     C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place.     D. The name of the bacteria (细菌) in the cow's stomach.      

19、60;  2不完整的陈述句式     A常见形式有：     Something can be best classified as        .     A certain kind of person is someone who         .     People

20、 are looking for better ways to         .     According to the author, “it” was caused by        .     B解题技巧：     这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大，有时还要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联系，第一步，阅读题目，找出问

21、题的发问中心。第二步，带着这些问题来阅读文章。第三步，根据前两步的分析和判断，选择出最符合题意的答案。     3排除式     A常见形式有：     Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?     Which of the following is TRUE?     Which of the following is

22、NOT listed in . ?     Which of the following is NOT included in the passage?     B解题技巧：做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的选项，牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容，然后阅读原文。     Life on Land Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water fo

23、r perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact, no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the fi

24、rst land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.     The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew c

25、lose to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.     Which of the following is TRUE?     A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.     B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.  

26、60;  C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.     D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.     Part C 推测词义题(三)阅读理解之猜词技巧       (1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断：在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀(prefix)，或在后面加后缀(suffix)，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能

27、是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：     "Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10," Anaclerio said, "and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject."         (2)根据上下文解释作出判

28、断：有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义域或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。请看下例：     Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety of choicesdeluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourites.         (3)根据

29、上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：     However, the question that "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. &

30、#160;      (4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。请看下例：A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle；it call be a basket of fun。从上下句可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义，也就是a situat

31、ion causing difficulty or trouble。     (5)根据因果关系进行判断：俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：     Biggest power failure in the city's historyAll of our icecream and frozen foods melted     (6)根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面就跟着一个同位语，对前面的词

32、进行解释，有时这种解释也用连词“or”连接。例如：，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or old English)，a Germanic languagePart D 长难句分析(三)如何抓住长句的核心     1. 找出句子主干何为句子的核心?所谓句子的核心(the core of a sentence)，就是指句子最主要的成分：主语、谓语动词及其宾语或表语。请看下例： Twenty students had just climbe

33、d their way to the top rung (最高的台阶) out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province.        2找出谓语动词是抓住核心的关键    英语与汉语的一个区别就是英语中有三种非谓语动

34、词形式：动词不定式、分词与动名词。请看下面例证中的划线的句子：    Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as "dustmen", taking some of

35、the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe.    Part E 方法指导一、综合归因推导法下列阅读题干分别考查哪些信息？(2010NMET湖南)64.When Mary received the life-changing news, she _(2010NMET全国) 57.Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace

36、? (2010NMET陕西 )52. Who dived after Duret into the river to save the little girl? (2010NMET湖北) 53.The mother whale failed to help her baby because _(2010NMET江西)58.How did Andy avoid the bees in the end?(2010NMET天津)41. Through playing hide-and-seek, children are expected to learn to _.事实细节题考查的六大信息事实细节

37、题干常用who, what, when, where, why 和 how 等提问或要求用此类信息补全句子，考查对应的六大信息内容，即 _、 _、 _、 _、 _和_。下列阅读题干分别考查哪些信息？（2009广东高考阅读理解A 篇 ）41.What was the most probably cause for Lisas weakness? 42. Why did Jennifer try to stop her boyfriend?43. How did Frank save Lisa?44. When did Lisa become conscious again?ALisa was r

38、unning late. Lisa，25，had a lot to do at work，plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for Thanksgiving from her hometown. But as she hurried down the subway stairs， she started to feel uncomfortably warn. By the time she got to the platform，Lisa felt weak and tired-maybe it hadnt been a

39、good idea to give blood the night before，she thought. She rested herself against a post close to the tracks. Several yards away，Frank，43，and his girlfriend，Jennifer，found a spot close to where the front of the train would stop. They were deep in discussion about a house they were thinking of buying.

40、 But when he heard the scream，followed by someone yelling，“Oh，my God，she fell in!” Frank didnt hesitate. He jumped down to the tracks and ran some 40 feet toward the body lying on the rails. “No! Not you! ”his girlfriend screamed after him. She was right to be alarmed. By the time Frank reached Lisa

41、，he could feel the tracks shaking and see the light coming. The train was about 20 seconds from the station. It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was w

42、here Lisa briefly regained consciousness，felt herself being pulled along the ground，and saw someone else holding her purse. Lisa thought shed been robbed. A woman held her hand and a man gave his shirt to help stop the blood pouring from her head. And she tried to talk but she couldnt，and that was w

43、hen she realized how much pain she was in. Police and fire officials soon arrived，and Frank told the story to an officer. Jennifer said her boyfriend was calm on their 40-minute train ride downtownjust as he had been seconds after the rescue，which made her think about her reaction at the time. “I sa

44、w the train coming and 1 was thinking he was going to die，”she explained. While-reading 1.请划出文章中的动词，圈出用来设题的动词。2.选项中的动词与问题中的动词有什么逻辑关系？动词间的逻辑关系：并列；先后；因果；正反；主次 “综合归因推导法”示例41题题干设题词（题眼）Lisas weakness对应文中动词felt weak与题干中动词的关系选项设题动词对应文中动词ABCD“综合归因推导法”示例41. What was the most probable cause for Lisas weakness

45、? （因果）第一段A. She had run a long way. B. She felt hot in the subway. C. She had done a 1ot of work. D. She had donated blood the night before. 41题考查的信息正是“因果”，因此选D探究干扰项特点：42. Why did Jennifer try to stop her boyfriend? （因果）最后一段A. Because they would miss their train. 文中对应动词jumped down to the tracks B. B

46、ecause he didnt see the train coming. 文中对应动词see the light comingC. Because she was sure Lisa was hard to lift. 文中对应动词was hard to lift her.D. Because she was afraid the train would kill him. 文中对应动词he was going to die43. How did Frank save Lisa? （方式）倒数第三段 A. By lifting her to the platform. 文中对应动词raise

47、 her the four feet B. By helping her rise to her feet. 文中对应动词raise her the four feet C. By pulling her along the ground. 文中对应动词being pulled along the ground D. By dragging her away from the edge. 文中对应动词drag her away from the edge44. When did Lisa become conscious again? （时间）倒数第三段 A. When the train w

48、as leaving. B. After she was back on the platform. 文中对应动词drag her away from the edge（先后） C. After the police and fire officials came. D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head. 根据41-44题的答案推导45题的答案：45. The passage is intended to _A. warn us of the danger in the subwayB. show US how to save p

49、eople in the subwayC. tell US about a subway rescueD. report a traffic accidentPractice 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项材料：2010广东高考阅读理解A 篇：When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores,

50、at banks, And at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.My mother has realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on phone to pretend I

51、was she. I was forced to ask for information or even to yell at people who had been rude to her. One time I had to call her stockbroker (股票经纪人).I said in an adolescent voice that was not very convincing, “This is Mrs. Tan.” And my mother was standing beside me, whispering loudly, “Why he doesnt send

52、 me cheek already two week lone.”And then, in perfect English I said: “Im getting rather concerned .You agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasnt arrived.”Then she talked more loudly. “What he want? I come to New York tell him front of his boss.” And so I turned to the stockbroker again,

53、“I cant tolerate any more excuse. If I dont receive the check immediately, I am going to have to speak to your manager when I am in New York next week.”The next week we ended up in New York. While I was sitting there red-faced, my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting to his boss in her broken Eng

54、lish. When I was a teenager, my mothers broken English embarrassed me. But now, I see it differently. To me, my mothers English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It is my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, and full of observation and wisdom. It was the language that he

55、lped shape the way I saw things, expressed ideas, and made sense of the world.41. Why was the authors mother poorly served? A. She was unable to speak good English.B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite. 42. From Paragraph 2, we know that the author wa

56、s .A. good a pretendingB. rude to the stockbrokerC. ready to help her motherD. unwilling to phone for her mother43. After the author made the phone call, .A. they forgave the stockbrokerB. they failed to get the checkC. they went to New York immediatelyD. they spoke to their boss at once44. What doe

57、s the author think of her mothers English now? A. It confuses her.B. It embarrasses her.C. It helps her understand the world.D. It helps her tolerate rude people.45. We can inter from the passage that Chinese English . A. is clear and natural to non-native speakersB. is vivid and direct to non-nativ

58、e speakersC. has a very bad reputation in AmericaD. may bring inconvenience in America 4142434445ADBCC41事实细节根据本文第一段第一、 二句可知因为作者的母亲英语说得不好， 所以她经常得不到公平的对待。 42推理判断从文中的各个事例以及I was forced to. 可推断作者是不情愿冒充自己的母亲， 代替她打电话的。43推理判断作者在第五段的电话中声称如果拿不到支票就会到纽约向对方的上司当面投诉， 而从第六段可知， 作者和母亲第二周的确是在纽约向对方的上司当面投诉。 由此可推断她们没有拿到

59、支票。 44意图态度根据文章最后一句. helped. and made sense of the world可知作者母亲的英语使得作者更加理解这个世界。 45推理判断从本文作者的母亲受到的不公平对待可知Chinese English不受欢迎。 A项和B项都是作者认同了母亲的语言之后的新体会。 本题最大干扰项为D。 但并没有证据表明Chinese English会造成生活上的不便。 总结：1. 阅读前关注题干考查的信息点2. 阅读中关注动词间的逻辑关系3. .阅读后运用题目之间的关系验证答案二、长难句分析法高考英语阅读文章常常有不少长句和结构复杂的难句，同学们往往因为分析不好句子而无法理解文章

60、。 例证：2011年广东高考卷阅读理解A篇 字数： 342 单词 体裁： 夹叙夹议 题干26. The author has discovered that people will feel happy when _.事实细节题27. The author feels sad sometimes because _.事实细节题28. What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?推理判断题29. In this passage, the author advises us to _.推理判断题30. Which of t

61、he following is the best title for the passage? 主旨大意题（阅读时间：10分钟） AIn the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.（I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.） （From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad becaus