高考英语高中英语语法之【虚拟语气】山东重点中学

1、第八章 虚拟语气第一节 基本知识与基本概念【语气和语气的分类】语气也是动词的一种形式变化。 这和汉语中的语气是不一样的， 它表示说话者对所指的 动词或状态所持的态度， 而且， 在谓语动词上有所体现， 而汉语没有体现。 英语中的语气可 分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1）陈述语气表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。例如：There are two sides to every question 每个问题都有两个方面。We can finish the work in time. 我们可以按时完成工作。2）祈使语气表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。例如：Don't be late fo

2、r class 上课不要迟到。Mary, don 't stay under the tree. 玛莉，别呆在树底下。3）虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，如：I were ， He be， She return 等，表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，或用来表示一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜 测、可能、空想等。例如：If I were a bird, I would fly freely in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟的话，我就会在天空中自由的飞翔。His teacher suggested that he （should） apply to Harvard

3、University. 他老师建议他申请哈佛大学。The commander-in-chief ordered that she return to the headquarter at one. 总指挥命令她立刻回总部。【考试说明的变化】由于本章知识有难度，所以在2 0 0 7年以前的考试大纲或考试说明中，必考 的语法项目表内都没有虚拟语气这一块儿。 所以， 以前的老师和学生都不太重视虚拟语气的 讲解和学习。 但是， 由于虚拟语气在英语中的大量应用， 导致许多学生在篇章理解方面因为 知识上的欠缺而遇到不少困难。 可能是由于这个原因， 2007年的山东省高考英语 考试 说明 中，明确将虚拟语气

4、这一章列入了考查范围。 笔者认为， 这个变化非常值得我们重视， 并在未来的几年内不会再有变动。所以，我们必须补上这一课。【虚拟语气的分类】根据不同的标准或从不同的视角， 虚拟语气可以被分为多个种类。 但是， 为了方便同学 们的学习，笔者在这里从两个视角把虚拟语气分开。视角一、根据虚拟语气使用的目的分1、虚拟派虚拟派指的是句子所述的情况与事实明显不相符的虚拟语气。例如：He talks about the USA as if he had been there. 他谈论起美国来就和去过似的。（ 其实说话人知道他并没有去过美国）If only Kevin were here. 要是凯文在这里就好了

5、。 （可惜凯文不在这里）If you had come to my house yesterday, you would have seen the president. 要是你昨天到我家来了的话，你就看到总统了。 （可惜你没有来） 2、语气派与虚拟派不同的是， 语气派的句子所述的情况与事实没有明显不相符。 或者根本 不涉及所述情况的真假与否，更多的是表达某种语气，如建议、请求、命令、坚持、决定、 要求等。例如：He advised that we should take more vegetables on our trip.他建议我们在旅途中多带些蔬菜。The teacher in sis

6、ted that the young should respect the old.老师坚持年轻人应该尊敬老人。The gover nment recomme nded that all young men should join the army and serve the cou ntry.政府建议所有男青年参军报国。视角二、根据虚拟语气的表现方式分1、结构型结构型虚拟语气的表现形式主要通过改变句子谓语的结构来实现。例如：My suggesti on is that every one should stay in the hotel before help comes.我的建议是在援助到

7、来之前，我们都应该呆在宾馆里。（这个虚拟语气的表现方式就是通过should+动词原形）来实现的。2、时态型时态型虚拟语气主要通过改变句子谓语的时态来实现。例如：I wish I were a billio naire.我真希望自己是个亿万富翁。I ' rather you did the work by yourself. 我希望你能独立完成工作。 以上两个例子中的虚拟语气就是通过改变句子谓语的时态来实现的。第二节 具体考点解析【考点一、虚拟语气在条件句中的使用】1）条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表及几点说明 条件句的从句和主句的谓语动词形式表如果假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能

8、发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句的谓语动词的形式是不同于真实条件句的谓语动 词形式的。虚拟条件句有三种情况。虚拟条件句主句例句与现If+主语+动主语If I had+should,enough在事词的过去would,money, I实相式 （be动could,would、 111tmight+buy the反的词用were）动词原house.假设形与过 去事 实相 反的 假设If +主语+had +过去分词主语+should, would, could, might+ have+ 过去分词If you had listened to me yesterda

9、y, you would have finished the work.与将 来事 实相 反的 假设 lf+主语+动词的过 去式 If +主语+were to +动词原形 If +主语 +should+动主语+should, would, could, might+ 动词原形If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.词原形特殊结构的条件句：“If it were not for, ” 或 “ If it had not been for, ” , 前 者与现在事实相反，后者与过去事实 相反。相当于but f

10、or或without。例 如：If it weren't for your help， he could never go to college.要不是你的帮助，他绝不可能上大学。If it hadn 'been for the captainsefforts, the ship could have sunke n.要不是船长的努力，船当时可能就沉没了。虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式表的灵活应用A. 用进行时替换相应的一般时：如用过去进行时代替一般过去时，表示与现在事实相反。例如：If you were lear ning to swim, I would take you to

11、watch the match.要是你在学游泳的话，我就会带你去看这场比赛。If we were gett ing along well with Jack, we should in vite him to join us.要是我们和Jack关系好些的话，我们就会邀请他加入我们中来了。B. 用完成进行时替换相应的完成时 ：如用过去完成进行时替换过去完成时，仍表示与过去事实相反。例如：If it had been raining yesterday , I would not have come here .如果昨天还在下雨的话，我就不会到这里来。If you had been listeni

12、ng more attentively, you would not have missed so much information. 混合型的条件句 按照条件句的谓语动词形式表，其主 句和从句的谓语动词是相互呼应的， 有着固定的搭配关系。但有时主句和 从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种 条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合 型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过 去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前 状态）。例如：He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他当时听了我的劝告，他现 在就能通过考试了。If we had driven in turns

13、yesterday, you would feel better now.如果我们昨天轮流开车的话，你 现在会感觉好些了。2) 虚拟条件句的省略情况 省略 if 的虚拟条件句：如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were ， had 和 should 时，可省略 if ，把 were ， had 和 should放到从句主语前面去。例如：Had you not helped me ， I should have failed. 要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Had it not been for the timely rain, we would have lost everything. 要不是这场及

14、时雨的话，我们就颗粒无收了。Were it to rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the game. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不得不推迟比赛。Should they refuse our request, we could show them this picture. 如果他们拒绝我们的请求的话，我们可以给他们展示这张照片。如果没有 were, had和should则不能省略if,当然也不能倒装。 条件从句的省略He could not fly (if he tried ).(即使他试的话)他无论如何不能飞。 条件主句的省略If only I

15、had more money ！要是我有更多的钱就好了！If only I were a bird! 要是我是一只小鸟就好了！ suppose 或 supposing =what ifSupposing it were so ？( =Supposing it were so , what would happen ？)要是这样的话,会怎 么样呢？ suppose 后也可用陈述语气。3) 含蓄的虚拟语气另外, 虚拟语气还有其他一些表现方式, 没有明显的虚假条件句出现, 取而代之的是能表 达类似意思的结构或短语。这种情况被称为含蓄的虚拟语气。例如： 用介词 without (或 with no )

16、, but for 等表示“如果没有” 。But for air and water , nothing could live 要是没有空气和水,也就不能有生命。Human beings could perish without the other forms of lives.假如没有了其他的生命形态,人类也会灭绝。 用动词不定式、比较级、连词 but 等手段来表示虚拟条件,还可以根据内容的需要来应 用虚拟语气。She would have come here, but she was too busy with her homework 她本来早就要到这里来,但是她当时太忙于写作业了。Yo

17、u could have passed the test, but you knew too little.你本来可以通过考试的，但是你懂得太少了。【考点二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用】1）宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，可用“should do”或“ do型”（be原形动词） 虚拟语气。 这类动词有： suggest， request， demand， urge， propose， prefer ， advise， insist ， require， order， command， maintain， ask， object 等。例如：The doctor suggested

18、that he n ot go there .医生建议他不要去那里。The villagers demanded that their fields should be returned.村民们要求返还他们的土地。The doctor insisted that the old teacher should live in hospital.大夫坚持说这位老教师应该住院。The officer ordered that all the soldiers should n'tfire before he gave the order. 军官命令所有士兵在接到命令以前不许开枪。注意：有时候

19、， suggest 可以不作“建议”讲，而作“表明、解释”等，则后面的从 句就不用虚拟语气。例如：The big smiles suggested that he had passed the test. 他脸上的笑容表明他通过了考试。My wife suggested that I caught a cold. 我妻子说我感冒了。同理， insist 所“坚持”的内容也有所不同，有时候，坚持的是某种道理，用虚拟语气。 而有时候，坚持的是一个事实，不用虚拟语气。例如：The old man insisted that he was strong enough and that he shoul

20、d be sent to the front. 老头坚持自己的身体没有问题应该被派往前线。Mary insisted that that man was her brother. Mary 坚持说那男的是她哥哥。学习这种句型时， 要注意宾语从句的虚拟语气是固定形式， 并不随主句谓语动词时态的 变化而变化。“ do 型”与“ should do 型”有时可以互换使用，但前者比后者用得更普遍特别在美国英 语中。2）宾语从句用在动词 wish 之后 过去式用来表示现在的愿望； “could （would ， might） +动词原形” 用来表示将来的愿望， 虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。I

21、wish it were true .我但愿这是真的。I wish I could live on the moon one day . 我希望有一天我能住在月亮上。 “ had +过去分词”或“ could （would , might） +have+过去分词”都是用来表示无能为力 的过去愿望。I wish you had called yesterday .我希望你昨天来过电话。I wish you had done the work yourself. 我真希望你是单独作的这工作。I wish we had treated the children better. 我真希望我们当时对孩子

22、们好一些。注意 wish 与 hope 的区别。 wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，而 hope 后的宾语从句要用 陈述语气。但如果不定式做宾语时，则意思上无区别。I hope to see you .（I wish to see you .）我希望看见你。3) 宾语从句在动词 would , would / had rather, would / had soon er, would / had as soon 等后面，表示与事实相反的虚拟语气要用“did ”型，表示现在和将来的含义，用“had done型”表示过去的含义。例如：I'd rather we didn'tkn

23、ow each other. 我宁愿我们不认识。I'd rather I hadn'tgiven her the money yesterday. 我真希望我昨天没给她钱。【考点三、虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用】1)“It +is +形容词+that引导的主语从句”句型，与用动词原形或“should +动词原形”虚拟语气。用于本句型的形容词有： necessary， important， surprising, shocking, natural, essential ， reserved， urgent, impossible等；还有与表示提议、 要求、命令等动词有关的形容词，

24、 如desirable (j desire), urge nt (j urge)，advisable (j advise)， preferable (j prefer) 等。It is necessary that he listen to the radio frequently 他很有必要常听收音机。It is surprising that he should marry again soon after his ex-wife died. 很令人惊讶，他前妻刚去世，他就结婚了。It is impossible that they should feel uncomfortable to

25、 live with us. 他们跟我们住在一起不舒服，这不可能。2)用于“ it + is +过去分词+that引导的主语从句”句型，可用“ (should) +动词原形”虚拟 语气。用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，required， requested， demanded， urged， proposed， ordered， desired， advised 等。It has been suggested that the meeting( should) be put off 有人建议推迟会议。It is required that

26、you should wear proper suits to take part in the party. 参加这个晚会要着装适当，这是规定。It is desired that the prices of houses should be stopped from increasing. 大家都渴望房子的价格能停止增长。It is proposed that we should pay a visit to the Confucius Temple.有人推荐我们去参观一下孔庙。【考点四、虚拟语气在“ It is time that ,”句型中的应用】在“ It +is + (high或a

27、bout) time + (that)主语从句”句型中，可用“ did型”虚拟语气， 表示“做某事的时间早完了或早该做了” 。 例如：It's time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is about time that I went and picked up my little son from school. 到了我去接儿子放学的时间了。It is high time that you got down to writing your papers.到了你好好写论文的时候了。It is time that that we talked about our b

28、usiness.我们该谈谈生意了。【考点五、虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用】在 proposal， suggestion， order， requirement， desire， decision， advice， plan， necessity 等表示提议、要求、命令等名词的后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，可用“动词原形”或“ should + 动词原形”虚拟语气。例如：His suggestion is that the meeting be put off 他的建议是推迟开会。My teacher 's advise was that I choose the less f

29、amous university but the more suitable major.我老师的建议是我选择那所不太知名的大学但更适合我的专业。Their final decision was that they move out of the building. 他们的最后决定是搬出这座大楼。考点六、虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用】以 be 开头的让步状语从句Be the problem easy or difficult ， this method works 不管问题容易还是难，这种方法都起作用。Be the robbers men or women, they have to be

30、punished. 不管抢劫犯是男是女，都应受到惩罚。第三节 巩固练习一、【基础巩固】1. If I _ ten years younger, I very happy .A. were, would beB. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be2. -Y ou can ask your brother for help.-He is not at home. If he , I .A. is, would B. were, would C. is, will D. were, will3. If you the doctors adv

31、ice, you would have already recovered.A. followB. followed C. would follow D. had followed4. If he had not missed the train, he there by then.A. might get B. might have got C. got D. had got5. What would you have done last night, if you to write your homework.A. hadn't B. haven't had C. didn

32、't have D. hadn't had6. -Did you catch the plane?-No, if I had hurried, I .A. wouldB. would have C. could D. did7. Why didn't you tell him the truth? If I you, I would have.A. wereB. had been C. am D. would be8. -How do you like the party?-Wonderful. If you had come with us, you a good t

33、ime.A. had B. had had C. would haveD. would have had9. If I out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper.A. didn't runB. shouldn't run C. haven't run D. hadn't run10. If you early tomorrow morning, you would be there by noon.A. have started B. were start C. were to start D.

34、 had started11. If you to the moon one day, you would find it quite different from the earth.A. travel B. had travelled C. should travel D. have trarelled12. What yesterday if you TV programme.A. would you do, hadn't watch B. would you have done, hadn't watchedC. could you do, didn't wat

35、chD. would you have done, didn't watch13. Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?No, but if I time, I very glad to go there.A. have, will be B. had had, would have beenC. had, would beD. had had, would be14. My boss often made me work day and night.If I you, I the job.A. am, wil

36、l give upB. had been you, would have given upC. were, would give up D. had been you, would give up15. If you tell me all about it, I able to decide.A. would beB. could be C. were D. shall be16. If you George, would you please tell him to ring me?A. saw B. were to C. have seen D. see17. I'm sure

37、he hasn't sent the letter. If he it, I .A. sent, gotB. sent, have gotC. sent, would goD. had sent, would have got18. Sally finally got here from Chicago.If she earlier, we her to the party then.A. came, would takeB. had come, would have takenC. comes, will take D. had come, would take19. I don&#

38、39;t know whether to take the medicine at once. If I ， I it.A. knew, would takeB. had known, would have taken itC. knew, would have takenD. had known, would take20. Did you need any help with your maths last night?No, If , I you.B. had, would callD. had needed, would callenough money.A. had, would h

39、ave calledC. had needed, would have called二、【能力提高】1. I would buy that car ， if I A. have B. had C. will haveD. had had2. Ford might have come to school in time for Professor Smith's lecture, .A. if he got up earlierB. unless he had got up earlierC. but he got up rather lateD. but he had got up s

40、o late3. their help in the past years, he would be living a hard life and might even have starveto death.A. WithB. If it were not forC. If it had not been forD. If not4. If it had not rained yesterday, the ground muddy now.A. is not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have been5. You any dif

41、ficulty now, if you had made a more careful plan.A. won't meet withB. would not meet withD. have not met withC. would not have met with6. He did his best in everything, he would not have been what he was.A. andB. but C. otherwise D. but that7. What would you wish to do if you were to be a colleg

42、e student again?That's very hard to say, but I wish I biology when I was a college student.A. had studied B. studied C. study D. have studied8. Y ou should have gone to the show with us yeaterday. It's very good.I wished I , but I was busy with my report.A. had B. didC. would have D. were9.

43、Mr Johnson said angrily, “ Don't order me about, as if I your wife. I'm not. We are boththe boss's men. ”A. were B. am C. would be D. had been10. the thick fence, he would have been more fearful.A. But for B. Without C. If it were not for D. both A and B11. He talked as if he to Beijing,

44、 but I knew he hadn't.A. wentB. were C. had been D. would have been12. Would you have told him the awswer, if possible?Y es, I would have, but I very busy.A. had been B. were C. wasD. would be13. If he in England, what language could he probably speak now?A. were born B. had been born C. would h

45、ave been born D. was born14. If we Steven's advice, we would not be lost in the forest.A. took B. had taken C. have taken D. would take15. If the govenment had built more houses for the homeless people after the earth quake, the housing problems now in some parts of the city so serious now.A. wo

46、uldn't beB. will not have beenC. wouldn't have beenD. would have not been16. What a heavy rain it is! If we the rain coat, we wouldn't in the rain.A. had put on, be walkingC. put on, be walking17. Why is the window broken?If I care, it .A. took, wouldn't happenC. took, wouldn't h

47、ave happenedB. put on, walkD. should put on, walkB. had taken, wouldn't have happenedD. had taken, wouldn't happen18. Do you think the thief entered through the side door?No, if he had, he the living room window.A. would break B. would have brokenC. wouldn't breakD. wouldn't have bro

48、ken19. I one of Tom's paintings, but if I had, he would have given it to me.A. wanted B. want C. didn't wantD. don't want20. I've forgotten his telephone number. If I it down, I you now.A. put, would have told B. put, would tellC. had put, would have told D. had put, would tell三、【高考真

49、题】1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier.A. will beB. would have been C. could have beenD. would be2. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody the rulesA. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey3. “ The experiment had failed! ” “I suggest you again. ”A. tryB trying C. will

50、 tryD. would try4. “ He is a very brave man. ” “ Yes. I wish I his courage. ”A. haveB. had C. will have D. would have5. If she had worked harder, she .A. would succeedB. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded6. The plant is dead. I it more water.A. will give B. would have givenC. mu

51、st give D. should have given7. I wish I you yesterday.A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see8. If my lawyer here last Saturday, he me from going.A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would preventC. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented9. He you more help, even though he

52、was very busy.A. might have givenB. might giveC. may have givenD. may give10. Without electricity human life quite different today.A. isB. will be C. would have been D. would be11. If it for the snow, we the mountain yesterday.A. were not; could have climbedB. were not; could climbC. had not been; c

53、ould have climbed D. had not been; could climb12. We last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study13. If he , he that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would n

54、ot have takenC. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken14. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she , she would have met my brother.A. has comeB. did comeC. cameD. had come15. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .A. breaks B. has

55、broken C. were broken D. had been broken16. You didn't let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired.A. drove; didn't getB. drove; wouldn't getC. were driving; wouldn't getD. had driven; wouldn't have got17. he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. （07 全国 II）A. If B. Si

56、nce C. Though D. When答案与分析1选A。从句的意思反映出其愿望是不可能实现的，应该使用虚拟语气。从各选项中分析只有 A 符合虚拟条件句的语法规则。2 选B。前文已经给出，这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件从句。3 .选D。从两个方面分析都应选D。从follow the doctor's advice 动作本身分析，这是个非延续性动词， 所以它只能是要么已经， 要么将来， 即要么与过去事实相反，要么与将来事实相反。 从全句的意思中分析， 应是前者。 也可以从主句中分析。它是与过去事实相反的 would have recovered。从全句的意思上看，从句也应是与过 去事

57、实相反。4 .选B。上一题考查从句 中时态的选用，而本题则是考查主句时态的选用。从句是与过去事实相反，根据从句的意思，主句也应是与过去事实相反。5 .选D。主句与从句都理解为与过去事实要反相才正确。have to被否定后的意思是“不是不得不”， “不是非得” 。 have 一词作“有”解时，其否定和疑问的形式有两种， you don't have, you haven't ，但作除“有”解以外的含义时，只能有第一种否定或 疑问形式，所以选项 A 是错的。 B 项不是虚拟语气， C 项是与现在或将来事实 相反故也须排除。6选 B。 根据问句， if 条件从句及全句的意思，主句只能理解为与过去事实相反，wouldhave 是 would have caught