2013王国清基础班语法讲义

1、学府考研培训学校2013年考研英语基础班（语法）讲义主讲：王国清2012年3月主讲：王国清副教授 简介：资深考研英语命题研究专家，考研、四六级辅导专家，英语翻译专业硕士，新西兰惠灵顿大学国际经济学博士，多次参加考研及四、六级阅卷工作，全国二十多个省市特邀全程主讲名师，MBA、MPA教育中心首席主讲，2008年北京奥运会赛后新闻发布会同声传译，并从事雅思、托福等多种培训权威指导，培训的学员达数几十万之多，授课效果立竿见影、专业性强、重点突出、激情幽默，著有考研语法重难点精解、考研红宝书英语写作（图画+话题）180篇、考研英语最后五套题、考研英语正红版最后两套题、考研英语正红版写作重点30篇、大学

2、英语四、六级写作宝典、大学英语四、六级阅读方法概要、大学英语四、六级经典语法指南等30多部丛书，堪称英语界“语法权威”，翻译界“金牌同传”。语法，无论是对于英语学习者还是教授者而言，都是最难掌握的问题，而掌握扎实的语法无疑是学好英语的关键，尽管在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法，但阅读理解，写作和翻译等试题无不体现出它的重要性。然而，市场上种类繁多的语法书籍，大都是内容多而不精， 即次重点不分，并且对于在学习过程中，大家共同反映的较有难度的语法，如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析，使读者看后仍不知所云。本着这个目的，我们再次相聚考研讲堂，希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有

3、个彻底的了解，在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。 1、 语法知识回顾（一）基础语法知识1. 英语句子的基本句型(Basic Sentence Pattern) （1）主+系+表(SVP) （2）主+谓（不及物动词）(SV) （3）主+谓（及物动词）+宾(SVO) （4）主+谓（及物动词）+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）(SVOO) （5）主+谓（及物动词）+宾+补足语(SVOC)2. 按照用途句子的分类 （1）陈述句(Declarative Sentence) （2）疑问句(Interrogative Sentence) 一般疑问句(General Question) 特殊疑问句(Spe

4、cial Question) 选择疑问句(Alternative Question) 反意疑问句 (Tag Question)（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的反意疑问句） （3）祈使句（Imperative Sentence） （4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）3. 按照结构句子分类(Division by Structure) （1）简单句（Simple Sentence）只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子称为简单句： （2）并列句（Compound Sentence）用并列连词（或分号、冒号、逗号）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句

5、子叫并列句 （3）复合句（Complex Sentence）由关联词把一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句联系在一起所构成的句子称为复合句，也称为主从复合句，复合句根据关联词在句中的作用可分为如下类型： 名词性从句（Noun Clause）（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句） 状语从句（Adverbial Clause）（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中状语从句）（二）重点语法回顾1、主谓一致(Subject-verb Agreement) 一致是指句子成份间或词语间必须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系，一致这一语言现象在日常应用及各类英语考试中出现较多，最主要的一致关系是主谓一致。（1）主

6、谓一致的分类： 语法一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 意义一致，即从意义上着眼来处理主谓一致问题，也就是说有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，这时谓语动词视其意义采用复数形式，反之亦然。 就近一致，即谓语动词的人称和数往往和最靠近的词语保持一致。（2）主谓一致原则的具体应用： 数词与表示时间、金钱、度量衡、温度等名词作主语，表示一定量或总量时，谓语动词用单数形式： 集体名词，如：army, board, family, committee, couple, crowd, crew, jury, staff, team, public, gov

7、ernment做主语，指整体时谓语动词用单数，指集体各成员时，谓语动词用复数： 、（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的主谓一致）2、强调句(Emphatic Sentence)强调句是就句中某一成分着重说明 （1）在谓语动词前加助动词do, did, does强调该谓语动词，构成强调句： （2）强调句中谓语以外的其它成分时用强调句型（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的强调句 )3、倒装句(Inverted Sentence) （1）全部倒装 there be句型，有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型 here, there, now, then, thus, hence置于句首而主语

8、不是人称代词时： 表示方向、地点的状语置于句首，如：up, down, away, here, in, out, off （2）部分倒装 否定词或具有（半）否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语时，如： never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom等； only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句，即句首状语由 only修饰时； 、（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的倒装句）4、定语从句(Attributive Clause) 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，定语从句必须置于先行词之后，定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试中常考

9、点，也是语法中的重点： 关系代词：which, that, who(m), whose, as（1）引导词 关系副词：when, where, why（2）关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句的区别（略）（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的定语从句） 5、虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood) 虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，用来表示非真实的假设，或用来表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望，有时也可以使语气缓和、委婉的作用，虚拟语气作为一重点语法，在各类考试中占有相当大的分值，所以理会该语法，不仅对于考试，还是日常应用中都有相当大的作用： （1）虚拟语气常用于条件句中，表示与现在、

10、将来、过去事实相反的假设，下图表显示的是与现在、将来、过去相反假设时，虚拟语气主句与条件从句谓语动词的变化形式，现以动词do为例。主句条件从句现在would/should/could/might + dobe were/do did将来would/should /could/might + dowere to+do/should +do(只能用should)过去would/should/could/might + have donehad done （2）混合式虚拟语气有时条件从句和主句时态不一致，可以根据主、从句动作发生的时间分别运用相应的虚拟语气；、 （详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的虚

11、拟语气）6、非谓语动词 （Non-finite Verb）非谓语动词是动词的一种形式，就其定义而言，它在句中不能单独作谓语，非谓语动词包括动名词、分词和不定式，非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难点。（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的非谓语动词）（1）分词（Participle） 分词的时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)语态时态主动被动现在分词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词done分词的用法 (Usage)、（2）动名词（Gerund） 动名词是一种非谓语动词，它的形式与现在分词相同，具有名词和动词的某些特征，它可以带

12、宾语、状语等构成动名词短语，在句中不能单独作谓语。 动名词时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having done having been done动名词用法(Usage) 、（3）不定式(Infinitive)动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语。不定式时态(Tense)以动词 do为例主动被动一般式to do to be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing不定式用法 、（4）非谓语动词之间的区别(Differences among the NonFinite V

13、erbs)分词和动名词动名词和不定式不定式和分词、7、比较级结构(Comparative Structure)（详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的形容词章节中的比较级结构）（1）同级比较形式为：as（形容词或副词）原级（名词） as（2）优劣比较优等比较形式为：比较级thanTom ran faster than I (did) in the mile race.劣等比较形式为：not so (as) 原级 as=less原级 thanShe is not so beautiful as her sister. =She is less beautiful than her sister.、2

14、、 试题精练： （ 一 ）非谓语动词、独立主格结构1. The security of the babies is supposed to _by the nurses. A) see to B) be seen to C) be seening to D) be seen2. He claimed _at yesterdays party. A) to treat badly B) to have treated badly C) to be badly treated D) to have been badly treated3. “Did you find out who had sto

15、len my watch?” “That child didnt admit_” A) to have done that B) had done that C) doing that D) having done that 4. Do you remember _to Professor Smith during your last visit ? A) to be introduced B) being introduced C) having introduced D) to have introduced5. One of the properties of light is _tra

16、velling in wave form as it gose from one plaec to another. A) it B) its C) its D) their6. The vacuum tube , invented near the beginning of our century, gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before _, and later opened the road for television, A) was captured B) captured C) capturing

17、D) had been captured7. The headmasters order to have the whole place _at once was unreasonable since he did not provide any tools. A) cleaning up B) to clean up C) cleaned up D) clean up8. _neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C)

18、That he was accused of D) To be accused of9. Susan stood motionless at the end of the diving board, hands at her sides, heels slinghtly raised, every muscle_action. A) anticipating B) anticipated C) to anticipate D) having anticipated10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but o

19、ur work_, we declined the offer. A) not being finished B) not having finished C) had not been finished D) was not finished11. He lay on a straw mat with his _. A) closed eyes and his mouth open B) eyes closed and his open mouth C) closed eyes and open his mouth D) eyes closed and his mouth open 12.

20、_in the cupboard she went out to get something to eat. A) With something left B) With nothing leaving C) Without anything left D) Without something left13. _by an American university, I finally flew to San Francisco on August 6, 1988A) Being invited B) Having invitedC) Having been invited D) Had bee

21、n invited 14. “Why isnt Robert here?” “It is my secretarys fault . He forgot all about_him.”  A) telephoning B) to telephone C) to telephone to D) telephoning to15. The way he talks is simply intolerable. I object to _like a child. A) treat B) be treated C) treating D) being treated16. _, we ha

22、ve to adopt new measures to solve the problem. A) So is the situation B) That being the case C) That is the case D) The situation is so17. The young doctor could not sleep at night, his thoughts _him no peace. A) gave B) giving C) being given D) to give18. The room is so dirty that it wants _. A) cl

23、eaning B) being cleaned C) to clean D ) cleaned 19. Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village made house-to-house survey,_in each family about their needs and problems. A) to inquire B) to be inquiring C) inquiring D) inquired 20. A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its

24、tail_ back and forth like the pendulum of a clock . A) swung B) was swung C) swinging D) was swinging（二） 倒装、强调、省略1. Not noly _diffcult to light , but it smelled of oil . A) it was B) it made C) did it make D) was it 2. _ you have been looking forward to . A) The letter is that B) The letter is here

25、C) Here the letter is D) Here is the letter3. In the scientific station _ designed to record moonquakes and meteorite impacts .A) instruments were B) were instruments C) stands instruments D) instruments stand4. Most people would agree that only in exceptional circumstances _ the turth from the pati

26、ent .A) should a doctor hide B) a doctor should hide C) a doctor would hide D) a doctor will hide5. As is the teacher , _ .A) so is the pupil B) so does the pupilC) the pupil does so D) the poupil is so6. Just as the soil is a part of the earth , _ the atomosphere . A) as it is B) the same is C) so

27、is D) and so is 7. Humble _ it may be , there is no place like home . A) although B) as C) how D) that8. Wood does not conduct electricity ,_ . A) so do rubber B) so does rubber C) nor does rubber D) nor rubber does9. _ you want me to do ? A) Who is it that B) What is it that C) Wherever is it that

28、D) Whenever is it that10. Up went the price and _ .A) the living standard came down B) came down the living standard C) down the living standard came D) down came the living standard11. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _ his head .A) that he turned B) did he turnC) he didnt D) he had turne

29、d12. _ Adam Smiths “ The Wealth of Nations ” that Jim Green was fascinated by economic theory .A) After reading B) It was readingC) It was after reading D) Having reading 13. _ the first to use nuclear weapons .A) At no time China will be B) Never China will beC) At no time will China be D) Will Chi

30、na never be14. No sooner had the bell rung _ .A) when the class began B) than the class beganC) while the class began D) then the class began15. Only when you have occupied suffcient materials _ come to a sound conclusion .A) can you B) you can C) you will D) you are to16. Little _ that he would ful

31、fill his task so rapidly . A) we expected B) did we expect C) do we expect D) we expect17. In no way _ smoke in the air-conditioned bus .A) passengers can B) are passengers permitted to C) passengers are permitted D) are permitted passengers to18. All animals need air and _ .A) so plants do B) so ne

32、ed plantsC) so do plants D) plants are so 19. It is during his spare time _ Jhon has been studying a course in English .A) when B) where C) that D) as20. _ the lightening when I heard a clap of thunder .A) No sooner had I seen B) No more than I had seen C) Scarcely had I seen D) Not until I had seen

33、 （三） 一致关系1. This is the best of the automobiles that _ in working order .A) is B) had C) are D) have2. Fifteen minutes _ for a boy who is eager to see his girl friend .A) seem a long time B) seemed a long timeC) seems a long time D) seems long time ago3. It is not I but you who _ the first to run to

34、 the goal in that competition .A) is B) was C) are D) is going to4. With the elevation of peoples standard of living , cosmetics _ favorite topic , especially among women .A) became B) becomes C) become D) have become5. Breathing normally in a heavily-polluted city _ equal to smoking a pack of cigar

35、ettes a day .A) are B) is C) be D) will be6. What the man said under the oath _ by several other witnesses .A) was disputed B) were disputed C) disputed D) be disputed7. To balance the budget and to provide jobs _ two goals of the elected official . A) is going to be B) is C) becomes D) are8. The co

36、mmunity , as well as the owners of the land _ in development . A) are interested B) are interesting C) is interested D) is interesting9. Not noly Joan but her sisters _ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities . A) have known B) know C) knows D) is knowing10. _ ei

37、ther he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A) Are B) Where C) Is D) Does11. Many an airplane _ in the exhibition . A) are shown B) has been shown C) has shown D) show them12. A series of debates between the lecturers _ for the next weekend . A) are scheduled B) was scheduled C) were sch

38、eduled D) have been scheduled13. Not only Tom but also his wife _ fond of watching television . A) are B) were C) be D) was14. Joes father , along with his two uncles , _ in New York one more day . A) demand that he stay B) demands that he stays C) demands that he stay D) demand that he stay15. _goi

39、ng to the exhibition . A) All but he and I are B) All but he and I am C) All but him and me are D) All but he and me am16. At the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about _own personal safety to care much about the luggage . A) her B) their C) his D) our17. According to the schedule , th

40、ere-fourths of the dyke _ by the end of this year . A) had to be finished B) are to be finished C) have to be finished D) has to be finished18. Many species of animals which once lived on the earth _ no longer in existence . A) is B) are C) was D) were19. My family _ very interested in playing bowls

41、 , which _ very much in fashion now . A) isis B) areare C) isare D) areis20. The number of students in the oral English program training _ to 20 . A) limits B) is limited C) limited D) are limited（四） 虚拟语气、情态动词+完成式1. Everything _ if Albert hadnt called the fire brigade . A) will be destroyed B) will

42、have destroyed C) would have destroyed D) would have been destroyed2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday , _ . A) you wont find any difficulty now B) you would not have found any diffficult now C) you would not find any difficulty now D) you have not found any difficulty now3. He wou

43、ld be studying at the university now if he _ the ertrance examination . A) passed B) have passed C) had passed D) should have passed4. The millions of calculations involved , had they been done by hand ,_ all practical value by the time they were finished . A) could lose B) would have lost C) might

44、lose D) ought have lost5. But that he came to help me , I _ . A) could not have succeeded B) did not succeed C) could not succeed D) cant but succeed6. Many students and teachers urged that the library _ during the vacation . A) should keep open B) would be kept open C) is kept open D) be kept open7. It is moved tha