专四语法串讲3英语句子成分结构详解

1、英语句子成分结构详解定语|状语|宾语|补语|同位语|独立成分|分词独立结构一、英语语句基本结构分析：>>主谓宾结构：主语（subject ）：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词、主语从句等。It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate ）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。表语（predicative ）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。成分：名词、代词、形容词Five and five is ten.（数词）H

2、is father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall.（ 介词短语）My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to saym poor, I can 't buy a ring.（不定式）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）宾语（object）:1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China.（名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two.（数词

3、）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语 double objects 间宾 indirect object（指人）和直宾 direct object （指物）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如

4、：give, pass, bring , show, buy, find, fetch, get, keep, leave, lend,pass, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write 。 这两个宾语通常个指 人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语。如： Give me a cup of tea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 +直接宾语+ to +间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.

5、 Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词 +代词直接宾语 + to +间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please.>>>特殊的同源宾语现象cognate object : fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.宾语补足语(object complement)：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格+名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士 .名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods make the job easy.

6、/新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I often find him at work ./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows/老师让学生们关上窗户名词/代词宾格+分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了 马路主补(subjective complement)：充当补充主语的作用。1 .形容词作主语补足语时常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, he went to bed.有时亦可置于主语之后

7、，前后皆有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。Their chief, cruel beyond belief, didn't listen to their pleadings有时置于谓语动词之后，全句形成“主+谓+主补”结构。Mary gaped round-eyed.有时亦可置于宾语之后，全句形成“主+谓+宾+主补”He got off the bus very nervous.His mother stared at him speechless.2 .可用作主语补足语的词：形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。He was called David Copperfield.Li

8、ncoln was born a poor family 's boy and died President of the United States.She came home quite changed.People are just born what color they are.Mary came home out of humour.appositive ） ：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。同位语通常放在其所说明的名词之后。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, aske

9、d for an interview. 劳拉迈尔，BBC 的记者，要求采访。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2. 不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。（to start the generala

10、ttack 与 the order 同位 ）He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条 街走，我在那里接他上了车。（to walk along与the instruction同位）3. -ing 分词用作同位语He s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。（driving a track 与 a job同位 ）She got a place in a laundry ironing shi

11、rts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。（ironing shirts与 a place 同位 ）The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。（attacking at night与 the first plan 同位 ）4. none of us之类的结构用作同位语We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。【注】注意，同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如：学生每人都有一本词典。

12、正： The students each have a dictionary.误： The students each has a dictionary.请比较下面一句（谓语用了单数，因为 each为句子主语）：正： Each of the students has a dictionary.5. 从句用作同位语（即同位语从句）They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。The

13、idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错 误的。6. 同位语与其所说明的名词之间常插入一些词语，常见的有namely, that is to say, in otherwords, or rather, for short, for example, particularly, say, mainly 等I am pleased with only one boy, namely, Tom.同位语与主语补足语不同，前者强调等同，意在说明或解释，主语补足语则弥补主语意义之不足，有表述主语的

14、性质。定语（ attributive） ：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰 some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词作定语：定语置前The little boy needs a blue pen.（little 修饰名词boy； blue 修饰名词pen.） /小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom 是个英俊的男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two

15、boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格作定语：定语置前His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。名词作定语：定语置前The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。介词短语作定语：定语置后The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10 ./有两个9 岁的，三个10 岁的男孩。副词作定语：定语置后The best boy here is To

16、m./这里最棒的男孩是 Tom。不定式作定语：定语置后The boy to write this letter needs a pen.后这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。分词（短语）作定语：定语置后The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。定语从句：定语置后The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩

17、需要你昨天买的钢笔。状语（adverbial）：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。当两个或两个以上表示不同意义的状语在句中连续出现时，他们的正常词序是：方式状语-地点状语-时间状语e.g.: He read

18、s the newspaper methodically in the bus every morning.The children played happily at the seaside from morning till night.有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom. 一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时 in the classroom 为 girl 的定语） ，也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时 in the classroom 为地点状语）， 最好写作 In the classroom,

19、 the boy calls thegirl.'副词（短语）作状语：状语置后The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen.虏孩真的需要一支钢笔。（不确定程度状语置于动词之前）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现