阅读理解汇总情况2015.3.9

1、第二篇 阅读阅读理解是高考的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的搜集、 加工能力。英语考试大纲规定：要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简 短文章。考生应能： (1)理解主旨和要义； (2) 理解文中具体信息； (3) 根据上下文推断生词的词义； (4) 做出 简单判断和推理； (5)理解文章的基本结构； (6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。这规定了阅读题目的取材、 话题和阅读理解的能力要求。这六项要求在高考的实际题目中直接反映为六类题目，即主旨大意题、事实细节题、意义猜测题、推理判断题、篇章结构题和作者 观点题。其中推理判断题又可分为

2、推断文章出处、推断作者写作意图、推断文章结构、推断隐含意义、推 断观点态度、推断目标读者等各种题型。阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则： 1文章一般为 5篇(含信息匹配题 )，阅读量在 2 500 词左右。 2题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面容。 3体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。一、选材特点二、题目类型 1 A 类题：可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目， A 类题为拿分题。该类型题主要是事实细节题。2. B类题：不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题目， 需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答。B类题包括： 主旨大意题、推理判断题和意义猜测题。命题 探究三、考查容及考点分布

3、第一节 事实细节题的解题技巧1. Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage?2. Which of the following (sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage?3. According to the passage ， all of the following are TRUE except/but .4. The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT .一、常见的设问形式

4、5. In the passage， the author states that .6. According to the passage ， when (where ， why ， how， who， etc.). .1. 描写类细节题。2. 数据计算题。3. 排序题。4. 信息寻找、广告阅读题。5. 图文转换题。6. 表格理解题。二、常见题型1. 语意转换。细节理解题设题时为了避免出现原文中所用的词汇，常常使用一些同义词、近义词或反义 词 (双重否定 )。因而在解题时要注意语意转换。2. 设题顺序。一般来说，题序与其相关信息在文中的顺序一致，如某题的答案信息往往会在下一小题的 答案信息之

5、前。三、设题方式3. 设题干扰项。(1) 正误并存：部分正确，部分错误。(2) 扩大或缩小围：是原文信息，但不是题干要求。（3）偷换概念：符合常识，但不是文章的容。（4）以偏概全：与原句的容极其相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动。（5）无中生有：明显不是文章的信息，与文章事实不符或相反。1迅速定位，缩小围。通过寻读法（seanning）,用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读围。2理解其意,对照选项。在找到关键词句后,要仔细阅读,准确理解,对照选项,看哪个选项的意思与 之最接近。3排除干扰,选出答案。在作出选择的过程中,要善于辨别真伪,排除干扰,不断缩小围

6、,选出正确答案。四、解题步骤注意：解题时要留意否定词,如果题干中含有否定意义的词,如NOT, EXCEPT 等,应特别留心。在解答排序题时,可采用“首尾定位法” ,即先找到第一个动作和最后一个动作,缩小围以便能迅速选出正确答 案。例 1 Tuition Fees（ 学费 ）Tuition fees are different from department to department , generally from $5 , 000 to $6, 000 a year.For further information ： tuiwaikato.ae.nz.Aeeommodation（ 住宿 ）

7、You ean have a room in a 4- bedroom flat, whieh will eost about $100 a month with other regular living eosts of about $150 a month for one person.For further information ： aeewaikato.ae.nz.五、典例精析You have to pay at least a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A $5, 250 B$8, 000C$9 , 000 D$1

8、1, 000数据计算题。本篇是介绍 Waikato 大学的广告。从"Tuition Fees（学费）:Tuition fees are different from department to departme nt，gen erally from $5， 000 to $6，000 a year” 和“ Accommodati on（住宿）:You can have a room in a 4- bedroom flat, whieh will eost about $100 a month with other regular living eosts of about$150

9、a month for one person.”可知，在那儿学习一年的费用是：$5, 000（学费）+ $100（住宿费）x 12（months） + $150（生活费）x12（months） = $8, 000。例 2 People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists.Once at the store， a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system（系统）that will orga nize the trip around the store

10、 .If you're look ing for toothpicks , you type in the word or pick it from a list ， and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.The devices also keeps a record of what you buy.When you've finished， the device figures out your bill.Then you go to the

11、checker or place your card into a self - checkout stand and pay.Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card? a Start the system.b Make a shopping list.c Find the things you want.d Go to a self- checkout stand.A abdc Bbacd Cacbd DbcadB排序题。由第一段第一句话可知第一件事

12、是make a shopping list。去到商店后"start the system”，根据指引"you can find them ”，最后去结账，故顺序为bacd。本题也可采用排除法，c和d是相邻且为先后的顺序，故排除A、C、D。本题还可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。例 3 In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakn

13、ess brings out the kindness in people.I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes 大全实用文档 them happy. From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who

14、appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They don't get to see this soft side of others. Often， we try every possible way to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending.But only when we stop pretending we're brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness

15、that's in them.1 The author has discovered that people will feel happy when A they offer their help B they receive others' help C they feel others' kindness D they show their weakness 事实细节题。 由第一段最后一句可知， 关键是理清该句中的it ，它指的是前文中的 “the kindness in people”，其具体行为是“ people hold doors for me ， pou

16、r cream into my coffee ，or help me to put on my coat ”，人们的 这些行为概括起来，就是 they offer their help ，故选 A 。文息与选项表述的关系是具体与概括的关系。2 The author feels sad sometimes because Ahe has a soft heart Bhe relies much on others C some people pretend to be kind D some people fail to see the kindness in others 事实细节题。由第二段

17、第一句 but 后的容可知， D 选项中用 some people 代替了文中“ those who appear independent”,用 fail to see 代替了文中的 miss。3What does the underlined word “it” refer to?AAnimal kingdom.B Weakness.C Aggressive behavior. D Kindness. 意义猜测。 it 指代前面的 the kindness in people。D例 4 In a world with limited land ， water and other natura

18、l resources （资源 ）, the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually ， the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sus

19、tainable （可持续的 ） ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words ， we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that Ait makes the world warmer B

20、 it consumes natural resourcesCit brings severe damage to forestsDit makes growth hard to continue 事实细节解。根据“ the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. ”可知：传统经济发展模式的危害是使全球气候变暖、不能持续发展、给未来发展造成 损失。 B 不选，过度使用自然资源才是有害的。阅读下列文段，从题后所给的A、B、C、和D项中选出最

21、佳选项。（一）Mothers， doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby's blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention

22、by crying and searching for food with its mouth.According to the Paragraph， one reason why a baby cries is that it feels Asick Bupset Csleepy Dhungry 事实细节题。由该段最后一句“ The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth. ” 可知。 hungry 是 searching for food 的近义替换。（二）When Frida Kahl

23、o's paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “ a ribbon（丝带）around a bomb” . Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.Born in 1907 in a village near

24、 Mexico City, Kahlo suffered from polio （小儿麻痹症 ） at the age of seven.Her 大全spine（脊柱）became bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was broken in several places in a school - bus accide nt.Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operatio ns, but nothing was able to cure the terri

25、ble pain in her back. However, the accide nt had an un expected side effect. While lying in her bed recoveri ng, Kahlo taught herself to paint.In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, ano ther famous Mexica n artist. Rivera's strong in flue nee on Kahlo's style can be seen in her early work

26、s , but her later works from the 1940s , known today as her best works, show less in flue nee from her husba nd.Unfortun ately, her works did not attract much atte nti on in the 1930s and 1940s, eve n in her home coun try. Her first one- woman show in Mexico was not held until 1953. For more than a

27、decade after her death in 1954, Kahlo's works remained largely unnoticed by the world , but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last.1. The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by.A . polio B . her bent spine C. back injuries D . the operation she had事实纟田节题。根据第二段"h

28、er back was broken in several places in a shoo- bus accident.but nothing was ableto cure the terrible pain in her back ” 可知选 C。2. Kahlo's style had become increasingly independent since the .A. 1930s B. 1940s C . 1950s D. 1970s事实纟田节题。根据第三段 “ but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her

29、 best works, show less in flue nee from her husband ” 可知选 B。（三）The value- packed, all- inclusive sight - seeing package that combines the best of Sydney's harbour, city, bay and beach highlights.A Sydney Pass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses. The “ red” Sydney Explor

30、er shows you around our exciting city sights while the “ blue” Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magni fice nt dailyharbour cruises （游船）.You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or City Rail services （limited area）

31、, so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.Imagi ne brows ing at Darling Harbour, sampli ng the famous seafood at Wats ons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an eve ning ferry cruise.The possibilities and pla ns are en dless with a Sydney Pass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bo

32、ok ings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.Sydney Passes are available for 3.5 or 7 days for use over a 7 cale ndar day period. With a 3 or 5 day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All Sydney Passes in clude a

33、free Airport Express in ward trip before start ing your 3.5 or 7 days, and the retur n trip is valid（有效的）for 2 mon ths from the first day your ticket was used.Sydney Pass Fares AdultChild* Family * *3 day ticket$90 $45$2255 day ticket$120$60 $3007 day ticket$140$70 $350* A child is defi ned as anyon

34、e from the ages of 4 years to un der 16 years.Childre n un der 4 years travel free.* * A family is defi ned as 2 adults and any nu mber of childre n from 4 to un der 16 years of age from the same family.1 . A Sydney Pass does n't offer un limited rides on .A . the Explorer Buses B . the harbour

35、cruisesC . regular Sydney Buses D . City Rail services事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句话".City Rail services（limited area） ”可知，这个旅行游览项目是不提供无限制乘坐的。2 . With a Sydney Pass, a traveller can.A . save fares from and to the airport B . take the Sydney Explorer to beachesC enjoy the famous seafood for free D reserve sea

36、ts easily in a restaurant 事实细节题。根据第四段“ .a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3.5 or 7 days ， and the return trip is valid for two months from the first day your ticket is used. ”可知答案为 A 。3If 5- day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her

37、 children ，aged 3，6 and 10， what would the lowest cost be?A $225. B$330. C$360. D$420. 数据计算题。计算票价花费，成年人每人$120 ，两个成年人为 $240，3 岁的孩子免费，所以两个孩子费用是 $120，总共花费是 $360。(四)It's everywhere.Indoors ， advertising is in magazines and newspapers， on television ，and even popping up on computer screens outdoors ，

38、 advertising means billboards.They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings.They are along highways in the countryside. Billboards were once large painted signs that urged customers to buy anything from fried chicken to dish soap.Nowadays billboards are high- tech devices that advertise t

39、he products of the modern world ， from cellular phone service to perfume.Billboards have changed along with technology.Originally painted directly onto wooden boards or the sides of buildings ， billboards were first improved by attaching large printed vinyl strips to a structure to form an advertise

40、r's message.Later， mechanical billboards were developed which could display three different images.As one image changed to the next，the movement caught the eye of anyone passing by.More recently ，electronic technology has produced back- lit billboards which shine a light through an image printed

41、 on a sheet of plastic ，and digital billboards that can display huge images similar to those on a television screen.The latest trend in billboards is interactivity.In Belgium ， a billboard that looked like a pinball machine had people on the street using text messaging to answer a question the billb

42、oard sent to their cell phones. If they answered correctly ， they had a chance to win a new car.In Japan， some billboards feature QR (Quick Response ) codes ， a newer version of bar codes ， which can be read by specially programmed camera cell phones.When a person takes a picture of a billboard with

43、 a QR code ， the advertiser'swebsite appears on their phone.A billboard in New York's Times Square lets people on the street play a video game using their cell phones ， and a huge digital sign in London's Piccadilly Circus responds when someone waves at it and displays different images d

44、epending on the weather.Billboards do not always get a positive reaction ， however.The large number of billboards along American highways led to the Highway Beautification Act of 1965.This group of laws aimed to preserve the scenic beauty of the countryside as well as the safety of people driving in

45、 cars by limiting the number and location of billboards.In Athens ，Greece，city officials ordered the removal of hundreds of downtown billboards before the 2004 Olympic Games in an effort to restore the city's historical beauty.Billboards may be a favourite of advertisers， but not everyone wants

46、to look at them.1 Where will you probably not see a billboard ?AOn a building. B In the countryside.C In a magazine. DIn a train station. 事实细节题。第一段“ They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings.They are along highways in the countryside. ”可知选 C。2 Which type of billboard is the oldest ?AA

47、 digital billboard. B A painted billboard.C A mechanical billboard. D A printed billboard. 事实细节题。根据第二段“ Originally painted directly on to wooden boards. ”可知选 B 。3 Which billboard could people without a cell phone interact with ?AThe one in Belgium. BThe one in Japan.C The one in New York. D The one

48、in London. 事实细节题。 第三段倒数第一句讲到在伦敦的 Piccadilly Circus 的一个巨大的数字符号依靠天气产生相互作 用。4 Why were billboards in Athens removed before the 2004 Olympic Games ?AThe billboards were too old.B The billboards could not be removed during the games. C The advertisers did not want to support the games.DThe government wan

49、ted downtown Athens to look better.事实细节题。最后一段倒数第二句"restore the city's historical beauty”说明是政府希望雅典市中心看起来更好。第二节 意义猜测题的解题技巧根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思，或者推断熟词生义，是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能，因此，意义 猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代容。题干常含有 mean，refer to 或者 be replaced by 等。1 The word “ ABC ” in the passage probably

50、means 2 The underlined word “ ABC ” in the passage refers to/means 3 Which of the following is closest/nearest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph?4 The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means 5 The word “ it/them” in the first paragraph refers to 一、常见的设问形式1根据近义词关系推测。 作

51、者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，以便使它的文字意思更清楚。我们可以通过寻找近义词来推测生词的意思：一要看由and或or连接的同义词词组；二要看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。如：At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business ， nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.二、解题技巧根据 nor 结构后的 money， bank 可以推测

52、 capital 在这里不是指“首都”而是指“资金” 。 2根据反义词关系推测。作者常常通过使用反义词来使文章更具表现力，我们可以利用反义词作为线索去推测句中出现的生词的意思：一看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。如：(1) He is so homely ， not at all as handsome as his brother.根据 not at all.handsome 我们不难推测出 homely 即“不英俊的、不漂亮的”意思。(2) Metal expands when heated and contracts

53、 when cooled.从句子结构看，expa nd与con tract相对应，whe n heated与whe n cooled相对应。因为"加热”与"使冷却”是相反的动作，那么con tract就应是"收缩”的意思。3根据同位或解释关系推测。 当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式述自己的观点。我们可以通过生词后的定 语(定语从句或分词短语等 )、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测生词的意思。常见 的用来表示同位或解释关系的词或短语有： is， means， or.； that is， that is to say； in

54、other words， to put it another way； be called， .is/are known as (被称为)，.can be defined as等。如：(1) But sometimes， no rain falls for a long ， long time.Then there is a dry period ， or drought由or可知a dry period和drought是同义语。故 drought的意思为"久旱，旱灾”。(2) It will be very hard but also very brittle that is， i

55、t will break easily. 从后面的“ that is， it will break easily ”可知 brittle 是“脆的”的意思。4根据转折或对比关系推测。由上下句之间的表示转折或对比关系的连词或副词，如but， however等来推断。如：She is usually prompt for all her class ， but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.由 but 后面“第一节课上了一半才来”反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。实用文档 5根据因果关系推测。 通过因果关系猜词，首先是

56、找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词，既可由因推果，也可由果 推因。有时文章借助关联词，如because， as， since， for ， so， thus， as a result， of course， therefore 等表示因果关系。如：（1）You shouldn't have blamed him for that ， for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。（2）The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.

57、Sometimes the weakness was permanent So the player could never play the sport again.从so后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。6根据列举的实例推测。根据 such as， for example 等后列举的实例可推测出前面某个词语的意思。如：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt， headlights， and good brakes. 根据such as后面列举的容可知 devices应

58、该为“装置”的意思。7根据并列同类关系推测。 一般来说，并列的几个事物应属同类事物，由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。如：Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.从句子中不难看出 pin eapples，cocon uts和banan as, oran ges是同类关系，同属 fruit类，因此它们是两样水 果，准确地说，是“菠萝”和“椰子” 。8根据描述推测。 描述即作者为帮助读者更深入感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或在特征的描写。如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly ， it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从描述中可以得知 penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类，后面更详尽的描述则让我们推测出它其实是“企鹅”。例 1 Can dogs and cat