启蒙运动(英文版)

1、The En lighte nmentThe En lighte nmen t is mankind s final coming of age, the ema ncipatio nof thehuma n con scious ness from an immature state of ignorance and error.-Imma nuel KantThe Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and theFrench Revolutio n in 1789, in whic

2、h new thougts were emerg ing . The Age ofEn lighte nmen t (or Age of Reas on) was an elite cultural moveme nt of in tellectuals in 18th cen tury Europe that sought to use the power of reas on in order to reform society and adva nee kno wledge. It promoted in tellectual in tercha nge and opposed in t

3、olera nee and abuses in Church and state.Evolutio nThe enlightenment originated in England in 17th century, it was sparked byphilosophers such as John Locke (1632-1704), mathematician Newton (1643-1727) and others. The Enlightenment flourished in late 18th century. The enlightenment met its climax i

4、n France. After that, it extended to Germany, the Netherland and North America.1. Feudalism suppressed the bourgeois political rights, so they carry out an ti-feudaland an tichurch propaga ndaideologically, to prepare for the struggle for power.2.With the Capitalist econo mic developme nt, the bourg

5、eoisie s ecotrengchssurges , so they required their own in terests ideologically.3. The Renaissaneeand religious reform promoted the people's ideologicalema ncipati on; With the developme nt of moder n scie nee, rati on alism, as an asset An ti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretic

6、al weap on.Represe ntative figuresDen is DiderotHe was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person duri ng the En lighte nment and is best known for servi ng as co-fo un der and chief editor of the En cyclopedie.En cyclopedieThe first En cyclopediais con sidered to be the

7、 pinn acle of the En lighte nment period.It was compiled by Den is Diderot i n 1751-1772.VoltaireHe was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties , in cludi ng freedom of religio n, free trade, and separati on of church and state. Voltaire was a prolificwriter,produci ng works in al

8、most every literary form, in cludi ng plays, poetry, no vels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.He was an outspoke n supporter of social reform, despite strict cen sorshiplaws andharsh penalties for those who broke

9、them. As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intoleranee, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Can dide.RousseauJea n-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily in flue ne

10、ed the Fench Revoluti on,as well as the overall developme nt of moder n political,sociological,a nd educati onal thought.The In dustrial Revolutio n in Great Brita inThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th and 16th cen t., which led to a vast in flux of pr

11、ecious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade an d the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credi t (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent, the Dutch were in the forefront financ

12、ially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectivel y challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepr eneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already known, and there were sizabl

13、e factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent, began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and be tter goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood.

14、 Early-model steam engin es were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the In dustrial Revoluti on was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved e ngine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles w as the k

15、ey in dustry early in the In dustrial Revoluti on. Joh n Kay's fly shuttle (1733), Jame s Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Sa muel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, a nd Edm und Cartwrig

16、ht's power loom (pate nted 1783) facilitated a treme ndous in crease in output. The presenee of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid in dustrial growth. The use of coke in iron producti on had f ar-reaching effects. The coal mines fro

17、m the early 1700s had become paramount in import ance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Y orkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories an d in dustrial tow ns spra ng up. Can als and roads were built, and the

18、adve nt of the railroad and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process mad e a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of ste am and steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an importa nt part in the vast cha nges. Th