高中英语语法

1、动词过去分词规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词。1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语, 与句子主语是被动关系, 表示主语的状态, 还表示已完成了的动作。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语, 与句子主语是主动关系, 表示主语的状态, 只表示动作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休.。3. 有些过去分词作表语时, 构成的谓语很接近被动结构。过去分词构成规则1. 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)一般动词，

2、在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried , (4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2. 不规则动

3、词，见不规则表一、过去分词作表语The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别: 过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 inter

4、est, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、过去分词作定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词. 及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的, 常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the change

5、d conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有

6、时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关. The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视. 三、过去分词作状语 1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去

7、分词及短语有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this

8、problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题. (2) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构. (1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. (2) Her he

9、ad held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. (1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2) Grown in rich soil, th

10、ese seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. 4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主

11、句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶. 四、过去分词作宾语补足语 (一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词s

12、ung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;) (2)He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found) 2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Don't leave those things und

13、one. 要把那些事情做完. 3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如： (1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。4. 表示爱憎意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如： (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。 (2) He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。【注

14、意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系. (二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. He had his money stolen. 他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken. 他的腿断了. (自己的经历) 五、"with +宾语+过去分词"的结构 此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式, 条件, 原因等状语. (1) The murderer was brought in, with

15、 his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他. (5) He stood for an instant wit

16、h his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.一、单项选择题。1. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel.  A. tired; boring    B. tiring; bored     C. tired; bored    D. tiring; boring 2. On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to

17、see her baby well _. A. looked for     B. cared for     C. take care of    D. cared after 3. The two old sisters, _ so long, held each other and burst into tears. A. being separated     B. having been separated

18、    C. having separated   D. had been separated 4. Lets have a rest. The _ work made me very _. A. tired; tired    B. tiring; tiring      C. tired; tiring     D. tiring; tired 5. Just as the valu

19、e of a telephone network increases with each new phone _ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.  A. adding     B. to have added      C. to add     D. added 6. As we al

20、l know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts can keep us _ about what is happening in the world. A. informing     B. to inform      C. informed      D. being informed 7. Everyone was _ by his

21、 _ progress which he made during the two months. A. surprised; surprise         B. surprised; surprised C. surprised; surprising        D. surprising; surprising 8. When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _ h

22、im.  A. looking      B. watch at     C. fixing on     D. staring at 9. The film you saw last light was made _ on a true story that happened many years ago.  A. base     B. to be based   

23、;    C. based        D. basing 10. After _ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.A. finished     B. being finished     C. having finished     D. be finishing 11. Fo

24、llow the directions on the bottle carefully when _the medicine.  A. you will take        B. taking       C. to take      D. taken 12. The students, _ their teachers, came home.  A. followed 

25、     B. follow      C. following      D. will follow  13. The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in peoples sadness, _ no result.  A. reached     B. to reach    

26、   C. would reach     D. reaching 14. They spent the night _ in the room. A. having locked      B. locking     C. to be locked      D. locked 15. He wrote a letter to the king _. A. hop

27、ing to be set free         B. to set him free    C. so that be set free         D. asked to be set free 16. Steven has devoted all his life to _ films, and Kate, his wife, is also _ to the duty o

28、f her profession. A. make; devoted      B. making; devoting   C. making; devoted    D. make; devoting 17. _ in the dark, his head hit against a tree. A. Walking           B. He was

29、 walking       C. Walked            D. When he was walking 18. Time should be made good use _ our lessons well. A. of learning     B. to learn     C. to learning

30、0;    D. of to learn 19. The film, _ true story of this Red Army general, attracted peoples interest all over the country.  A. is based on               B. is on the base of    C. which

31、 is the base of         D. based upon 20. She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_.  A. stole     B. missing      C. missed       &

32、#160; D. losing 21. _ it rains, we will stay at home. A. Supposed     B.  Supposing     C. To suppose      D. If suppose 22. _ with yours, our library is _ too small a size. A. Comparing; in   &#

33、160;      B. Comparing; of      C. Compared; in           D. Compared; of 23. Its dangerous to carry a hot pan with _ oil. A. burning       B. burnt  

34、        C. burn       D. burns 24. We were told that the stone figure _ back to the 16th century was of great value. A. dated        B. dating         

35、0;C. coming      D . kept 25. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _ and his glaring eyes _ straight upwards. A. set; looked           B. set; looking       C. setting; looked  

36、      D. setting; looking 26. _ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals. A. Having lost      B. Losing       C. Lost      D. He was lost 27. The Golden Gate Br

37、idge, _ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.  A. which is built     B. which built       C. having built     D. built 28. I suggested the cheat _ into prison. A. referred to being put   

38、60;      B. referred be put C. referred should be put          D. referred to be put 29. _, I went out for a walk. A. There was nothing to do         B. There being nothing to do&#

39、160;C. There had nothing to do          D. Had nothing to do 30. He returned home to learn that the girl _ had been married the secretary village. A. became engaged to him       B. was engaged to him C. engaged

40、 to him before         D. got engaged to him 31. _ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents. A. Disappointed           B. To be disappointed     &

41、#160;C. Disappointing         D. Having disappointed 32. _ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by _ enemy soldiers.  A. Hidden; armed           B. Hide; armed     C.

42、 hidden; arm             D. Hiding; armed 33. To have the wonderful cloth _ new clothes, they had the machine _ all day long. A. made of; running          B. made of; run  

43、60;   C. made into; working        D. made into; work 34. The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November 10, _ our Chinese 15- year wait.  A. to end       B. ended    &

44、#160;  C. ending       D. ends 35. If _ in wet sand, the vegetables can_ fresh for a long time. A. being buried; remain       B. buried; remain     C. buried; be remained     

45、   D. burying; remain 36. _ over and over again, but he still couldnt understand.A. Having explained    B. having been explained  C. Explaining     D. It had been explained 37. Everything _, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into

46、 practice. A. considering B. taken into consideration   C. to consider   D. taking into consideration 38. _ from the moon, our earth, with water _ seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “ blue ball”.A. Seen; covered         

47、 B. seeing; covering    C. Seen; covering         D. To see; to cover 39. A great big fellow, _around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.A. weighed     B. wei

48、ghing      C. weighs      D. weighty 40. - The plan _ is of great importance to everybody.   - I see. He is sure to finish it on time. A. made    B. making     C. to be made    

49、60;  D. to make 41. From the dates_ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago.  A. marking              B. marked       C. to be marked    

50、0;     D. having been marked 42. Hearing the good news, I felt a heavy load _ my mind.  A. taking off     B. to be taken off    C. having taken off     D. taken off 43. The students were listening to the teache

51、r, with their eyes _.  A. widely open      B. wide opened    C. widely opened   D. wide open 44. The scientist came to the meeting with his wife _ him. A. being supported    B. supporting     C. suppo

52、rted     D. support 45. The noise of the machines _ can be clearly heard in our classroom. A. fixed       B. being fixed     C. to be fixed      D. having been fixed 46. After a few rounds o

53、f talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _. A. being settled     B. to be settled       C. had settled    D. as settled 47. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs, or boxes.

54、60;A. having seated      B. seating       C. seated        D. seat 48. _ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.  A. To look at        B. Looking at

55、       C. Looked at        D. To be looked at 49. _ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.A. To be judged the best          

56、;    B. Having judged the bestC. Judged the best                   D. Judging the best 50. The president promised to keep all the board members _ of how the negotiations were going on. 

57、A. inform         B. informing          C. be informed       D. informed 51. _ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.  A. To face   &

58、#160;  B. Having faced    C. Faced      D. Facing 52. When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians _ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly. A. wearing      B. to wear   

59、60;   C. worn      D. having worn 53. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form     B. form      C. forming  

60、     D. having formed 54. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing          B. introduced        C. introduce       

61、;      D. being introduced 55. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss.  A. questioning        B. having questioned      C. questioned       

62、  D. to be questioned 56. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.  A. To wait           B. Have waited        C. Having waited   

63、0; D. To have waited 57. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.  A. to smell      B. smelling      C. smelt         D. to be smelt 58. The disc, d

64、igitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party. A. recorded     B. recording    C. to be recorded      D. having recorded 59. Having been attacked by terrorists, _. A. doctors came to their rescue   &

65、#160;      B. the tall building collapsed  C. an emergency measure was taken     D. warnings were given to tourists 60. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend anther two days on the farm. A. Attracting   

66、  B. Attracted     C. To be attracted    D. Having attracted 61. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother. A. to work     B. working      C. to have worked   

67、 D. having worked 62. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing     B. known      C. being known      D. to be known 63. _ the programme, they have to stay there for anothe

68、r two days.  A. Not completing             B. Not completed      C. Not having completed         D. Not completed 64. Laws that punish parents for their little child

69、rens actions against the laws get parents _.  A. worried       B. to worry      C. worrying       D. worry 65. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put  

70、;       B. to be putting     C. to put       D. putting 66. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party.  A. get changed      B. get change      C. get

71、 changing     D. get to change 67. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _. A. exhausting            B. exhausted       C. being exhausted    &

72、#160;   D. having exhausted 68. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke         B. smoking       C. to smoke       D. smoked 69. Suddenly, a tall man drivi

73、ng a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods.  A. seizing; disappeared            B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing          D. seized; disappearing 70.

74、_ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given      B. To give       C. Giving      D. Given 71. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.  A. when taking &

75、#160;       B. when taken      C. when to take         D. when to be taken 72. Friendship is like money: easier made than _. A. kept       B. to be kept   

76、  C. keeping     D. being kept 73. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited      B. inviting        C. being invited       D. having invited 74. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will