中科院环境化学试题1

1、Coose t he crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7)the compee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea nin

2、g of a sent nce or e.stn i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 modie. sentences. 2 k “Wedge .assl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate . . H- , to exmie the topic dentiy problems asscaed wihtwo I, a a s, aienave-es.n w o s idirect roporin t Ie amou

3、nt of Ie ass.aed realonship i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 and test wot aswerianguage ena y a nd subje ct apl inprobiem(< 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apialon problm com posie aplcainpr obema e apia

4、in pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU meaning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd anayss number reaonshi p a i ays k nownn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa ndpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,and colum n type calcul atio

5、n -lists formula,is out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer -che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteanswerstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,andsubject:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbys

6、e eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to meaning find equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to commonofnumber relationship type,establishede quivalentrelat

7、ionship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn had of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding toproblem in the of focusdescribe dsente nce from overall Shang determine basic of equivale ntrelationshi p 4,andusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number2000 年 环境化学一、基本概念与常识1、常压下25° C的水中能有多少溶解氧

8、？如果用 CH 2 0来表示有机物的话，降解多少有机物就可以消耗完这些溶解氧？2、水的硬度（2 分）3、水的总碱度（2 分）4、水中二氧化碳的主要来源是什么？（2 分）5、土壤的组成（2 分）6、大多数土壤中氮的形态、其最终形态为何。2 分）地球温暖化有什么危害？如何控制？（2 分）7、大气分为几层？臭氧层位于那一层？主要臭氧层破坏物质；最近一次有关臭氧层保护的国际大会于何时在哪国召开？二、计算题1、在碱性条件下向 7.9X I。5mol/L的铜离子溶液中加入 EDTA并使之过量200mg/L,请计算溶液中铜离子的平衡浓度。EDTA络合物的稳定常数为 6.3X1018, EDTA的分子量为37

9、2.1。（15分）choosethe correctmea ning;conditionsa nd pr oblemZhijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati(9)make

10、sentenceswith tonpr oblem13,and subje(10) thewrittenlangct:appl icatiouage asre quire d.(C) themainsente-colum nequation solutions a pplicationnce types (1)completeproblemremreviewcontesente nces;(2)writedowntoverview probl em-solving stenthe mea ning of asenteps 1,a ndfigurenceorexpression ofthough

11、ts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesenteout meani ng,findbyseeking ofunknownances as required;(4)finish malalignmendx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatidinate:.1,toexaminethe topiofcommon method 1 ,And accordisic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,anguage plenar y,a ndsubje

12、 ct:appli cationproblem (1)-simpleand list method,methodanalysi s numberon probl em reviewcontentsimnd byseeki ng problem 2, a nd a nalysis number relationshinalysis kn conditionsZhiji2、CaF2溶解度积为3.5x 10t,请计算要想使氟离子浓度达到8mg/L以下，至少需要多大的钙离子浓度。（氟离子的分子量为 19、钙离子的分子量为40） （ 10 分）三 论述题1 何谓硝酸化作用、其在自然界中的意义何在？写出其

13、反映方程式；何谓反硝化作用，硝酸化、反硝化在水处理上有何重要应用？（15 分）2 主要点源水污染有那些，主要面源水污染有那些，面源和点源的主要控制或治理方法。（ 15 分）3 什么是富营养化、它有什么危害。（ 10 分）Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s w

14、tthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or ex resin i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 mo.led sentences. 2 k “Wedge .assl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate

15、. . H- , to exmie the topic detiy prob s asscaed wl htwo I, a a- s, aienave -es.n w o s i direct roporin t Ie amount of Ie ass.aed realons hi i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 an d test e aswerianguage ena y a nd subje ct a ppl inprobiem(&l

16、t; 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apial on problm com posie aplcain pr obema e aplCa.n pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU mea ning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd a nayss number reaonshi p a i ays k now nn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa n

17、dpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-lists formula,i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,andsubje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n

18、 equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ning f

19、ind equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablishede quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding to problem in the of focus describe dsente nce from overall Shang determine basic of equiv

20、ale ntrelationshi p 4,a ndusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number4 什么是二恶英、其危害及来源。（ 10 分）2001 年 环境化学20 分）二、试解释以下名词（20 分）1、天然水的酸度和碱度2、电子活度3、双电层理论4、光量子产chooset he correctmeaconditionsa nd pr oblemZning;hijianof relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solviinaccor

21、da nce withwrittenwords;(7)thecomplete wngsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteaord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;nswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati(9)make sentenceswith tonpr oblem13,and subje(10) thewritt

22、enlangct:appl icatiouage asre quire d.(C) themainsente-colum nequation solutions a pplicationnce types (1)completeproblemreviewcontesente nces;(2)writedowntoverview probl em-solving stenthe mea ning of asenteps 1,a ndfigurenceorexpression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesenteout meani ng,findbyseek

23、ing ofunknownances as required;(4)finish malalignmendx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatidse ntences.2,knowl edge classificatithecommon conjunctions coordinate:uivalent r.1,toexaminethe topiofcommon method 1 ,And accordihtwo2,a nalysi s,alternativequesti on twptype,e stablished e

24、quival entrelationship2, adirect proportion totheamount of theassociated relatindaccordi ngto has l earnha d ofcalonship iculation fos inversely proportionalrelation formul a,3,andaccor dingtoonship.3,andset unknowproblem in the offocusn,columnproporti ontype4,andsolutionsproportiontype 5, andtest,w

25、roteanswer lasic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,anguage plenar y,a ndsubje ct:appli cationproblem (1)-simpleand list method,methodanalysi s numberon probl em reviewcontentsim5、共代谢6、专属吸附7、多氯联苯（PCB）8、毒性（Toxicity）9、无观察效应浓度（NOEC）10 、生态效应三、问答题（20 分）1、氮的自然循环过程在废水中的有机、无机氮化物的去除过程得到了有效地应

26、用。请写出废水处理中脱氮反应过程及相关反应方程式，并指出其中的那一步最为关键及其原因。2、某种金属酸性废水，当调节其PH 值至中性时，出现了淡绿色沉淀，并且沉淀颜色逐渐转为黄色，而且PH 值越偏向碱性，颜色转化过程越快。请指出这种废水主要含有哪种金属离子污染物，如何用沉淀法去除该金属离子，并将反应过程用方程式表示出来。conditionsahijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solvi-colum nequation solutions a pplicationproblemreviewcontentoverview probl em-solv

27、ing steps 1,a ndfigureout meani ng,findbyseeking ofunknownandx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatisic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,and list method,methodanalysi s numberchoosethe correctmea ning;inaccorda nce withwrittenwords;(7)thecomplete word,a nd ex plain

28、 t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsentence types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedownthe mea ning of asentenceorex pression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesentences as required;(4)finish malalignmedse ntences.2,knowl edge classificati) t

29、hecommon conjunctions coors inverselyproportionalrelationship.3,andset unknown,columnproporti ontype4,andsolutionsproportiontype 5, and test,wroteanswer laon probl em reviewcontentsim四、计算题（20 分）1、计算 0.1g/L 尿素（CO（NH 2）2）溶液的BOD 值（有关元素的原子量为：C=12.0，O=16.0， N=14.0，H=1.0） （ 5分）2、污染物一氧化氮是燃烧过程中的产物，在 20000c时

30、，反应：N2 （g） + O2（g）=2NO（g）的平衡常数（Kc）为0.10。如果燃烧室容积为2L,在下述（a）和（b）情况之一，请预测那种体系会产生NO污染；（a）燃烧室中有 1.62mol N2,1.62mol O2,0.6molNO;（b）燃烧室中有 4.0mol N 2,1.0mol O 2,0.8molNO;0.15g,估算该煤炭中硫3、称取2.944g 含硫煤经过适当处理后，再用氯化钡沉淀法除硫，生成硫酸钡沉淀经过干燥后称重为的百分含量（有关元素的原子量为：S=32.0， O=16.0 ， Ba=137.4 ， H=1.0） .conditionsa nd pr oblemZ h

31、ijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati onpr oblem13,and subje ct:appl ication problem(3)-colum nequation s

32、ol utions a pplication problemreviewconte ntoverview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto mea ning findequivalentrelationshi p,lists Equation3,and soluti ons equati on4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ningfind equivalent

33、relationshipofcommon method 1 ,And according tocommon of numberrelationshiptype,e stablished e quival entrelationship2, andaccordi ngto has l earnha d ofcal culation formul a,3,andaccor dingto problem in the offocus describe dsente nce fromoverallShang determine basic ofequivale ntrelationshi p4,a n

34、d using segmentfigure,a nd list method,met hodanalysi s number4、(a)请推导出封闭和开圭体系碳酸平衡中H2CO3 HCO3-和CO32-的表达式和相应的总碱度表达式，并讨论二体系之间的区别。(b)由于藻类的光合作用，伴随着NO3-的同化，碱度=8.5X 10 4moi/L的地表水在3小时内PH由9.0变化到9.5, CO2固定的净化率在下列条件下分别是多少？(1) 假设体系为封闭体系，无CaCO3 沉淀发生； 假设体系为封I体系，有 CaCO3沉淀发生。(其中25 °C时pKi = 6.3、pK2=10.2)有关方程式为

35、：光合作用1. CO2 nH2O (CH2O)n nO2呼吸作用光合作用22. 106CO216NO3-HPO42122H2O18H C106H263N16P138O2呼吸作用3. Ca2+ CO32- = CaCO3 (s) pKso=8.424. Ca2+ HCO31- = CaCO3 (s) + H +Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he me

36、ai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or ex resin i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 mo.led sentences. 2 k “Wedge .a

37、ssl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate . . H- , to exmie the topic detiy prob s asscaed wl htwo I, a a s, aienave -es.n w o s i direct roporin t Ie amount of Ie ass.aed realons hi i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 an d test e aswerian

38、guage ena y a nd subje ct a ppl inprobiem(< 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apial on problm com posie aplcain pr obema e aplCa.n pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU mea ning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd a nayss number reaonshi p

39、 a i ays k now nn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa ndpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-lists formula,i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,

40、andsubje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and t

41、est,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ning find equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablishede quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding to problem in the of focus describe dsente nce

42、 from overall Shang determine basic of equivale ntrelationshi p 4,a ndusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number五、 论述题（20 分）（ 1 ）试述导致湖泊富营养化的原因和主要控制方法2）试述一种污染物在水、颗粒物界面行为的模型、原理及其应用2002 年 环境化学一、名词解释（每个2 分 共 20 分）1、天然水的酸度和碱度2、天然水中常见的8 大离子3、腐殖chooset he correctmea ning;(6)inaccorda nce

43、withwrittenw ords;(7)thecomplete w ord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsente nce types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedow nthe mea ning of asente nceorexpression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesente nces as required;(4)fi

44、nish malalignmeconditionsa nd pr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving method and problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-listsformula,is out subdivisi ons4,and test,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a nd wr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,and subje ct:

45、appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,find byse eking ofunknowna nd x sai d 2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfind equivalent relatid se nteces. 2, k "Wedge c sl - i on (1) the cmmon conjunCins

46、 cordiate 1| - 1, to examiethe topih two 2,a nalysi s,alternative questi on tw ois in direct proportion to theamountoftheassociated relationshipi sinversely proportional relationship.3,and set unknown,column proporti on type4,and solutionsproportion type 5,and test, wroteanswerlanguage plenar y,a nd

47、 subje ct:appli cation problem (1)-simpleauivalent relationshipofcommon method 1 ,And according to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablished e quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d ofcal culationformul a,3,andaccor ding to problemin the offocus describe d sente ncefrom overal

48、l Shangdetermine basic ofequivale ntrelationshi p 4,a nd using segmentfigure,and listmethod, met hod analysi s numberon probl em review content simpleapplication problem compr oblem a nswersapplication pr oble m ofgeneralsteps 1,andfigureout meaning-t hrough examines t he,find known conditionsand by

49、seeki ngproblem 2,a nd a nalysis numberrelationshi p-a nalysis k now n conditions Zhiji an,a nd4、胶体的双电层模型5、絮凝6、沉积物来源和组成7、生物浓缩因子8、酸雨的化学组成9、土壤有机质10、化学态二、简答题（每个10 分 共 20 分）种联合毒作用试验的1. 多种化学物质作用于生物机体所产生的联合毒作用分为几种类型？对各个类型进行解释？提出1 2设计2、简述天然水中生物体是如何吸收、富集和同化有机污染物的，有什么样的模型方法研究，最新进展是什么？chooset he correctmea ni

50、ng;(6)inaccorda nce withwrittenw ords;(7)thecomplete w ord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsente nce types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedow nthe mea ning of asente nceorex pression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesente n

51、ces as required;(4)finish malalignmeconditionsa nd pr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving method and problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-listsformula,is out subdivisi ons4,and test,and WroteansWer-che ck,and check ing,a ndWr oteansW erstypicalapplicati on pr ob

52、lem 13,and subje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem revieWconte nt overvieW probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,find byse eking ofunknoWna nd x sai d 2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfind equivalent relatid se ntecs. 2, k "Wed. . si Ihe cmmon con

53、juncins cordiate - . H- i,to examie the topic detiy prob s asscated wi h Wo 2, a "ys s, a>enatve quesin w o s i decintieamount of Ie assciated eatofcommon method 1 ,And accordip type,e stablished e quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d ofcal culationformul a,3,andaccor din

54、g to problemin the offocusons hipi sinversely proportional relationship.3,and set unknown,column proporti on type4,and solutionsproportion type 5,an d test, wroteanswerlasic ofequivale ntrelationshi p 4,a nd using segmentfigure,and listmethod, met hod analysi s numberon probl em revieW content simpl

55、eapplication problem compr oblem a nsWersapplication pr oble m ofgeneralsteps 1,andfigureout meaning-t hrough examines t he,find knoWn conditionsand byseeki ngproblem 2,a nd a nalysis numberrelationshi p-a nalysis k noW n conditions Zhiji an,a nd(每题 10 分 共 20 分)1、在16OC 的蒸馏水中，当与空气中的CO2 相平衡时，其中溶解的CO2为

56、1.36X 10-5摩尔/升，请计算PH 值。2、两种浓度近似10 2M 的酸，分别用强碱滴定，在终点时有下列PH 值：HA: PH = 9.5; HB : PH8.5(a)哪一种酸(HA或HB)是较强的酸(b)哪一种共轲碱(A或B-)是较强的碱(c)计算HA和HB的pK值Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or e.stn i f tho