have在中学英语里的用法

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上· have在中学英语里的用法· 一Have基本用法和与其他词连用1，起佛定和疑问形式变化，在美国通用助动词do.在美国口语中常用have got代替have. Look,cant you see Ive got teeth ,too, I havent any jewelry. 2, have 和一些其他名词连用，表示; (1) 一种活动 We have no classes on Sunday .(上课) Theyre gong to have a volleyball match .（举行活动） Are we going to have a

2、meeting this week? (开会 ) We are going to have a talk this afternoon.(听报告 ) (2)表示患病 I have got a headache. I have a bad cold. (3) 发生情况。 Ive got so many falls that Im black and blue all over。（跌跤） (4)表示生育。 The queen ant may have tens of thousands of babies in onesummer. 3和一与动词同形的名词连用，表示一个动词(have+a+由动词转

3、化和名词) Are you going to have a swim. I have a long talk with the teacher. 4,have on sth 或 have sth on,表示“戴着” I noticed he had on bedroom slippers. At the ball Mathild had a diamond necklace on. 5,表示“吃”，“喝”。 I wanted to have a cup of tea and some eggs. Does she have lunch at home ? 6,组成复合结构既”have +宾语+

4、宾语补足语“ （1）不加to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语(have sb do sth),表示让，叫某人做某事。 The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. （注）：否定结构表示“不能让“活从未有人” （2）现在分词作宾语补足语(have sb sth doing),表示让某人做某事。 the two men had their lights buring all night long. (3) 过去分词作宾语补足语（have sb sth done）, 表示： （1） 使（让，请）别人做某事，表示的动作是别人做的. Empero

5、r Qin Shi Huang had all the walls joinde up. he should have news clothes made of this splendid cloth for the coming great procession. （2） 遭遇到某事。 House near airports sometimes have their windows broken. Workers in some industries have hearing by the noise of the machine 二Have与 to 一起构成情态动词，表示“不得不”“必须”

6、，可用于各种时态。 I have to look after her at home. 三，have 做助动词与动词的过去分词一起构成现在完成时和过去完成时。 Great changes have taken place the last two years. They said that the Arab had stolen their camel. 四have 用于“情态动词+have +过去分词”的结构有推测，假设之意 1, must +have+过去分词，表示对过去时间发生的动作或存在的情况的推测，一般用于肯定句。 Her father thought that she must h

7、ave met a fairy. You must have left your bag in the theatre. 2,can (could)+have+过去分词，表示对过去发生事情的“不肯定”，常用于否定句和疑问句。 He cant have been to your home, he doesnt know your address. 3,should+have+过去分词，表示“某事本该早做而实际未做，”用于肯定句。 You should have been here five minutes ago. 五，have 用于某些成语，表示固定的意思。 1，have a word (a

8、few words ) with sb,表示和某人説（几）句话。 Wheres Peter ? I want to have a word with him. 2, had better +不带 to 的动词不定式，表示“最好” Id better go and look for him now. 3, have nothing (something) to do with 表示“和无（有）“关系。 Most of questions had nothing to do with Edisons lesson. 状语从句难点透视· 状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让

9、步、条件和比较状语从句，其中有些连词可引导多种状语从句，表达不同的意义；也有某一从句可用多个连词引导，表达相同的意义，这就使得状语从句成为一大难点，下面就容易引起混淆的引导词作简要介绍。一、while    while常表示“当的时候；然而；尽管”。如：    The students were busy taking notes while they were listening to the lecture.    The young mostly enjoy pop music while the

10、old usually prefer classical.    While there exists much unemployment in almost all cities, people with special skills are still in great demand.    注意：while 表示“尽管”时，相当于although / though / as，但while / although引导的让步状语从句不用倒装语序，though引导的状语从句可以倒装也可以不倒装，而as引导的状语从句则必须倒装。如：

11、60;   Though the bride is happy / Happy though the bride is, she will feel homesick at the beginning.    Happy as the bride is, she will feel homesick at the beginning.    二、until和till    until和till都表示“直到”，常可互换，但till一般不用于句首，也不可用于强调句中。  

12、;  1. until / till从句或短语与肯定的主句连用时，主句的谓语必须是延续性动词，表示主句的动作一直持续到until / till所表示的时间为止。如：  You may stay here until the rain stops.  Mr. Bush remained there till his brother arrived.    2. until / till从句或短语与否定的主句连用时，主句的谓语必须是非延续性动词，表示“直到才”，即主句的动作到until / till所表示的时间才开始。如：  D

13、avid wont go to bed until / till his wife returns.  Leo didnt come until he had gone over his lesson.    3. not until 位于句首时，主句须用倒装语序。如：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.    4. not until . 结构可用于强调句中。如：  It was not until she came

14、 to see us that we knew her mother was ill in bed.    三、so that    so that可以引导目的状语从句与结果状语从句。    1. 当表达的含义是“为了、以便”时，为目的状语从句，此时，从句的谓语部分通常带有情态动词；当表达“以至于、因此”时，为结果状语从句。如：  If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear. (目的状语

15、从句)  It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that we had to stay at home. (结果状语从句)2. 当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时，为目的状语从句；反之，为结果状语从句。如： We now study hard so that we may work well in the future. (= We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future.) (目的状语从句)名词性从句难点突破

16、3; 一、that在宾语从句中不可省略的情况宾语从句的引导词that在口语中常常省略，但在下列情况中，that应保留。1. 当主、从句之间有时间等状语时，that不能省略，否则会产生歧义。如：   She said last night that she did some reading.   She said last night she did some reading. (last night可理解为修饰said或did some reading，因此产生歧义)2. 主、从句之间有插入语时不可省去that。如：   I dont

17、 doubt, in any case, that our school team will win the match.3. 引导两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个以及第二个以后的宾语从句中的that不能省略。如：  Maria promised that she would come and see him sometimes, and that she would never forget him.4. 如果宾语从句中含有主从复合句，that一般不省略。如：  They promised me that if I worked hard from then on, t

18、hey would buy me a computer.  5. 宾语从句提前时，that一般不宜省略。如：   That Bob was really frightened , I cant believe.6. 简短回答中的宾语从句不宜省略that。如：   What do you assume from his attitude?   That he was frightened.7. 当it作形式宾语代替that引导的宾语从句时，一般保留that。如：   I found it quite a s

19、urprise that everybody in that city has a car.二、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1. that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别   1) that引导同位语从句时，不充当从句的任何成分；但它引导定语从句时，充当定语从句的成分。如： The fact that the seawater cannot be used for drinking is known to all. (that在从句中不充当任何成分，引导的是同位语从句)   This is the fact that you must know

20、clearly. (that在从句中作动词know的宾语，引导定语从句) 2) that引导的同位语从句与它所说明的名词之间是同位关系，说明名词的具体内容，且该名词只限于抽象名词；而that引导的定语从句与先行词是从属关系，说明先行词的性质特征，先行词无范围限制。 2. when, where, why引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别 当when, where等引导同位语从句时，表达疑问意义，引导词与被同位的词没有意义上的联系；引导定语从句时，其意义与先行词基本相同，无疑问意义。它们引导两种从句时，都在从句中作状语。如： Then arose the questi

21、on where we were to get the machines needed. (where与question没有意义上的联系，where意为“哪儿”，引导的是同位语从句) I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when相当于on the day，无疑问意义，引导定语从句)定语从句难点扫描· 定语从句的引导词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）和关系副词（where, when, why）两类，这些引导词在引导定语从句的同时均在从句中充当成分。关系代词可

22、作主语、宾语和定语，作宾语时可省略；关系副词可作状语，一般不能省略。下面简单介绍一下定语从句的难点。一、介词（短语） + 关系代词 / 副词1. 此处关系代词只能是which / whom / whose / where / when，而不能用who / that。如：   They arrived at an old building, in front of which stood a tower.   He climbed up to the top of the tree, from where he could see clearly what

23、 was happening in the woods.2. 不定代词 / 数词 + of which / whom。如：   Mrs. Green has three sons, none of whom works in the city.   The boys discovered many pictures on the walls of the cave, most of which dated back to 15,000 years ago.   比较：The boys discovered many pictures

24、on the walls of the cave, most of them dating back to 15,000 years ago. (此处是独立主格结构)  二、whose whose既可指人也可指物，指物时whose + 名词 = of which + the + 名词 / the +名词 + of which。如：The plastic bottle, whose top / of which the top / the top of which is cut off, can be used as a container to grow plants in.比较：T

25、he plastic bottle, (with) the top cut off, can be used as a container to grow plants in.  (此处为独立主格结构)三、which和as which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个主句的内容， which 引导的从句只能放在主句后，as 引导的从句放在主句前后均可；which 意为“这一点”，as 意为“正如”。as还可用于the same . as, such . as等结构中，引导限制性定语从句。如：He turned out to be a great success as a d

26、ancer, which was more than we could expect.As is known to all, Madame Curie is the first woman scientist in the world to have won two Nobel Prizes.Have you bought the same dictionary as I referred to yesterday? 四、非地点名词作先行词时用where 引导定语从句的特例通常先行词是地点名词，且定语从句的引导词在从句中作地点状语时，用where 引导定语从句，但有时先行词是非地点名词时，也须

27、用where 引导定语从句，表示抽象意义的一种状态，此类词包括point, situation, case 等。如：The treatment will continue till the patient reach the point where he can walk correctly and safely. (point意为“程度”)Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used? (situation意为“情景”)Therere always cases where non?鄄native English speak

28、ers cant make themselves understood just because of their lack of culture background of the visited countries. (case意为“情形，情况”)五、way和time作先行词时的情况1. way作先行词，意为“方式、方法”时，引导词在从句中作状语，可用that / in which 引导，也可省略；若引导词作从句的主语或宾语，用that / which 引导，引导词作宾语时可省略。如：   Ive thought of a good way (that / in whi

29、ch) we can conduct the experiment successfully. The way that / which will be used to carry out the operation was suggested by Doctor White.   This is the very way (that / which) we need to test the theory.2. 先行词是time时，若表示“次数”，应用that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time表示“一段时间”，则用when或at / during + which引导定

30、语从句。如：   This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.This was at a time when / during which there were no radios, no telephones or TV sets.情态动词的几点用法· 情态动词(Modal Verbs),又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries),与实义动词连用表示说话人的语气,可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。常用情态动词列表如下:情态动词 含义m a y可以,可能m i

31、g h t可以,可能c a n可以,可能,能够c o u l d可以,可能,能够m u s t必须s h a l l应该,将要s h o u l d应该o u g h t t o应该n e e d必要d a r e敢d a r e d敢w i l l会,愿意w o u l d会,愿意·  情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即第三人称单数后的情态动词不加s。此外,情态动词的过去式多数情况下只表示语气,而不表示时间。· 情态动词的用法很多,很繁琐。现就其几点重要的用法进行分析总结。· 一、表示猜测· 当表示猜测时,可以用might, may, must,

32、 could, can。具体用法如下(V表示适用):情态动词疑问句肯定句否定句+ n o tm i g h t V 语气最弱 V 语气最弱m a y V 语气较弱 V 语气较弱m u s t  V 语气最强 c o u l d V V 语气较强c a n V V 语气最强·  例如:A: (Pointing to a person standing far away) Who can / could it be?肯定回答B: It might be teacher Li. 那可能是李老师。(语气很不肯定)或It m

33、ay be teacher Li. 那可能是李老师。(语气有点不肯定)或It must be teacher Li. 那一定是李老师。(语气非常肯定)否定回答B: It might not be teacher Li. 那可能不是李老师。(语气最弱)或It may not be teacher Li. Teacher Li is not so tall. 那可能不是李老师,李老师没有那么高。(语气较弱)或It couldnt be teacher Li. Teacher Li was in the office just now.那不可能是李老师,李老师刚才还在办公室。(语气较强)或It ca

34、nt be teacher Li. Teacher Li has gone abroad.那不可能是李老师,李老师出国了。(语气最强)· 注意:如果表示对过去发生的事情的猜测,可用以上情态动词+ have +过去分词来表示。例如:The ground is so wet. It must have rained last night. 地这么湿。昨晚一定是下雨了。· 二、表示许可、必须和必要· 当用情态动词表示许可、必须和必要时,可以用may, might, can ,could, must, need。具体用法如下:   情态动词疑

35、问句肯定句否定句+ n o tM i g h tV 可以V 可以V 不可以M a yV 可以V 可以V 不可以C o u l dV 可以V 可以V 不可以C a nV 可以V 可以V 不可以M u s tV 必须V 必须V 不许N e e dV 必要 V 没有必要· 注意:1. 在这种用法中,同样might 和could也并不是表示may 和can的过去式,只是比may 和can语气更弱,更委婉。另外,can和could比may与might更加口语化。2. need 作为情态动词一般只用于疑问句和否定句。在肯定句中,need 一般用作实义动词,固定搭配为need to do

36、 sth,表示"有必要、需要做某事"的意思。当然,need作为实义动词,照样有自己的疑问句和否定句(需要用助动词do)。3. 在回答时要根据句意回答,不一定用提问的原词回答。另外,用might或could提问,回答不用might和could, 而要用may和can。· 例如:1. May I sit here? 我可以坐这儿吗？肯定回答: Yes, please. 可以,请吧。或Certainly. 当然可以。否定回答:Please dont. 请不要。或No, you mustnt. 不,不许。2. Must / Need we hand in our home

37、work now? 我们必须/有必要现在交作业吗？肯定回答:Yes, you must. 是的,必须。否定回答:No, you neednt. 不用,没有必要。3. Could I keep the book till next week? 我可以把书留到下周吗？肯定回答:Yes, you can. 可以。否定回答:No, you cant. 不可以。4. need 作为实义动词:1) Do I need to leave my phone number? 我有必要留下我的电话号码吗？肯定回答:Yes, you do. 是的,有必要。否定回答:No, you dont. 不,没必要。2) Yo

38、u need to fill in your name here. 你需要在这里填上你的姓名。· 三、某些情态动词+ have +过去分词的用法neednt have done 本来没必要做(但实际已经做了)should have done 本来应该做(但实际没做)；竟然should not have done 本来不应该做(但实际做了)ought to have done 本来应该做(但实际没做)ought not to have done 本来不应该做(但实际做了)could have done 本来能做(但实际没做)² 注意:1. need作为情态动词,前面已经说过,

39、一般不用于肯定句。在肯定句中,其一般为实义动词,要用need to have done。例如:You need to have finished it be-fore you come to my office. 你应该在来我办公室之前就把它完成。2. could not have done 也已经在前面说过,它是"不可能做了某事"的意思,表示猜测,而不是"不能"的意思。例如:1. You neednt have run all the way here. Its just 8:00. The meeting has been put off till

40、9:00. 你没有必要一路跑过来。现在才八点钟,会议已经推迟到九点钟了。2. I didnt know that he was sick. You should have told me about it. 我当时不知道他病了。你本应该告诉我的。3. We were short of money. Other-wise, we could have finished it in time. 我们缺少资金。否则我们本来能够按时完成的。4. I am surprised that he should have refused such a good job. 我很奇怪他竟然拒绝了这么好的一份工作。四级