有机化学术语(中英文对照)

1、精品1 .有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functionalgroup双键doublebond三键triplebond烃基hydroxylgroup琉基mercapto硫轻基sulfhydrylgroup羰基carbonylgroup氨基aminogroup亚氨基iminogroup硝基nitrogroup亚硝基nitrosogroup氰基cyanogroup羧基carboxylgroup磺基sulphogroup烷基alkylgroup苯基phenylgroup卡基benzylgroup芳基arylgroup烯基allylgroup烷氧基alkoxylgroup酰基acylgroup活

2、性亚甲基activemethylenegroup2 .有机化合物的类型烃hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatichydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共扼二烯烃conjugateddiene脂环烃alicyclichydrocarbon螺环化合物spirocompound桥环化合物bridgedringcompound芳烃aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoidaromatichydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensedaromatics卤代烃halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol

3、醚ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚crownether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinicacid磺酸sulfonicacid亚砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shiff'sbase肟oxime腙hydrozone缩氨脲semicarbazoneketonea,B-不饱和酮a,B-unsaturated醌quinone羧酸carboxylicacid酰卤acidhalide酸酐acidanhy

4、dride酯ester酰胺amide内酯lactone内酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substitutedacid羟基酸hydroxyacid醇酸alcoholicacid酚酸phenolicacid酮酸ketoacidB-酮酸酯B-ketoneester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitrosocompound硝基化合物njtrocompound亚胺imine胺amine伯胺primaryamine仲胺secondaryamine叔胺tertiaryamine季铵盐quaternaryammoniumsalt季铵碱quaternaryammonium

5、hydroxide重氮盐diazoniumsalt偶氮化合物azocompound胍guanidine氨基酸aminoacid磷phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonicacid3 .杂环化合物吡咯pyrrol呋喃furane噻吩thiophone吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thioazole吡啶pyridine喹啉quinoline异喹啉isoquinoline口比喃金翁盐pyryliumsalts黄酮flavone嘧啶pirimidine嘌呤purine4 .有机天然产物肽pep

6、tide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleicacid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-核糖riboseD-2-脱氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid萜类化合物

7、terpenoidsteroid感谢下载载脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fattyacid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂phospholipid磷脂酸phosphalidicacid蜡wax5 .有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bondtheory分子轨道理论molecularorbitaltheory共振论resonancetheory凯库勒式Kekuleformula路易斯式Lewisformulao键o-bond冗键冗bond键能bondenergy键角bondangle键长bondIength成键轨道bondingorbital反键轨道antibondingorbita

8、l最高已占轨道HOMOhighestoccupiedmolecularorbital最低末占轨道LUMOlowestunoccupiedmolecularorbital诱导效应inductive effect共轭效应conjugated effect冗，冗-共腕冗,九-conjugationp,兀-共腕p,九-conjugation超共轭作用hyperconjugation离域能delocalizationenergy共振能resonanceenergy给电子基团 electron donatinggroup吸电子基团electronwithdrawinggroup芳性aromaticity休

9、克尔规律Huckel'srule两性离子Zwitterion6 .有机化学中的同分异构异构体isomer构造constitution构型configuration构象conformation构造异构constitutionalisomerism立体异构stereoisomerism构型异构configurationalisomerism顺反异构cis-transisomerism次序规则sequenceruIe同侧ZugammenZ异侧EntgegenE顺式cis反式trans对映异构enantiomerism=光学异构旋光异构opticalisomerism旋光性opticalact

10、ivity旋光度opticalrotationspecificrotation对称面planeofsymmetry对称中心centerofsymmetry对称轴axisofsymmetry手性chirality手性分子chiralmolecules对映异构体，对映体enantiomer非对映体diastereomer外消旋体raceme左旋体leveisomer右旋体dextroisomer内消旋体mesomer费歇尔投影式Fischerprojection相对构型relativeconfiguration绝对构型absoluteconfigurationR-构型R-configuration

11、S-构型S-configuration赤式erythro苏式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光学纯度OpticalPurity对映体过量百分数enantiomericexcess立体专一性反应stereospecificreaction立体选择性反应stereoselectivereaction不对称合成asymmetricsynthesis构象异构conformationalisomerism构象分析conformationalanalysis锯架式perspectiveformula纽曼投影式Newmanprojectionformula椅式chairfo

12、rm船式boatform直立键a键axialbond平伏键e键equatorialbond互变异构tautomerism酮式keto-form烯醇式enol-form差向异构化epimerization变旋现象mutamerism哈武斯式Haworthform7 .有机反应的名称取代反应substitutionreaction加成反应additionreaction马尔科夫尼可夫规律Markovnikovrule共轭加成conjugateaddition消去反应eleminationreaction查依采夫规律Saytzeffrule霍夫曼规律Hofmannrule硼氢化反应hydrobora

13、tion催化加氢catalytichydrogenation聚合反应polymerization单体monomer聚合物polymer硝化反应nitration卤化反应halogenation磺化反应sulfonation烷基化反应alkylation酯化反应酰基化反应acylationesterification酯交换反应transesterification脱羧反应decarboxylation氯甲基化反应chloromethylation傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Friedel-Craftsreaction格利雅反应Grignardreaction格利雅试剂（格氏试剂）Grignardrea

14、gent赖默-梯曼反应Reimer-Tiemannreaction卤仿反应haloformreaction水解反应hydrolysisreaction醇解反应alcoholysisreaction氨解反应ammonolysisireaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy缩合condensation克莱森缩合Claisencondensation安息香缩合benzoincondensation羟醛缩合aldolcondensation列弗尔马茨基反应Reformatskyreaction迈克尔反应Michaelreaction诺文格尔反应Knoevenagelrea

15、ction加布里反应Gabrielreaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoaceticestersynthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonicestersynthesis威廉逊合成法WilliamSonsynthesis海森堡试验Hinsbergtest重氮化反应diazotizationreaction偶联反应couplingreaction脱氨基反应deaminationreaction维悌希反应Wittigreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction周环反应pericyclicreaction环加成反应cycloaddition

16、reaction电环化反应electrocyclicreaction坎尼扎罗反应Cannizzaroreaction齐齐巴宾反应Chichibabinreaction狄尔斯 - 阿德尔反应Diels-alderreaction斐林试剂Fehlingreagent托伦试剂罗森蒙德还原克莱门森还原沃克还原Wolff-Kishner reductionRosenmund reductionClemmenson reductionTollensreagent分子轨道对称守恒原理考普重排Coperearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmannrearrangement醺哪醇重排pinacolrearr

17、angement弗里茨重排Friesrearrangement克莱森重排Claisenrearrangement二烯体diene亲二烯体dienophileconversationoforbitalsymmetry8 .有机反应机理均裂homolytic异裂heterolytic活性中间体activeintermediate碳正离子carbocation碳负离子carbanion烯醇负离子enolateanion自由基，游离基freeradical卡宾，碳烯carbene氮烯nitrene速度决定步骤rate-determiningstep哈蒙特假定Hammondpostulate能线图ene

18、rgyprofile过渡状态transitionstate邻基参与neighboringgroupparticipation动力学控制kineticcontrol热力学控制thermodynamiccontrol离去基团leavinggroup底物substrate亲电试剂electrofphile亲核试剂nucleophile亲电加成反应electrophilicaddition亲电取代反应electrophilicsubstitution定位规律orientationrule亲核取代反应nucleophilicsubstitutionSN2反应机理SN1反应机理SN2reactionmec

19、hanismSN1reactionmechanism瓦尔登转化Waldeninversion亲核加成反应nucleophilicaddition亲核加成-消去反应nucleophilicaddition-eliminationreaction消去反应机理eliminationreactionmechanismE1反应机理E2反应机理E1reactionmechanismE2reactionmechanism反式消去antielimination重排反应机理rearrangementreactionmechanism自由基反应freeradicalreaction链引发chaininitation链增长chainpropagation链终止chaintermination9 .有机化合物的光谱红外光谱IRInfraredspectra傅立叶变换FourierTransform指纹区fingerprintregion吸收频率absorptionfrequency紫外光谱UVUltravioletspectra电子跃迁elctronictransition吸光度absorbance摩尔消光系数molarextinctioncoefficient发色团chromophore助色团auxochrome核磁共振