考点02名词和主谓一致

1、中学英语网考点02 名词和主谓一致 名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查： 名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）名词的所有格抽象名词的具体化名词和冠词的搭配名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考题我们不难看出，名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在学习过程中，要掌握常用名词的基本用法，注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结，做题时要结合语境。 名词的数 可数名词的数

2、1. 可数名词的数（不规则变化）（1）单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep。（2） 合成名词的复数。如：boyfriendboyfriends, go-betweengo-betweens(中间人), grown-upgrown-ups, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, woman doctorwomen doctors。（3）只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但

3、可以用a pair of/two pairs of, many等修饰。如：clothes, tights, jeans, pajamas, pants, shorts, socks, stockings, trousers, glasses, chopsticks, compasses, pincers, scissors, scales等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，a pair of等修饰，只能用many, a great many, a lot of等修饰。如：belongings, congratulations, contents, earn

4、ings, fireworks, goods, leavings, pains, spirits, savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, arms等。（4） 集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)

5、。【典例】1.【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复

6、数形式。故填causes。2.【2018·浙江卷】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。 不可数名词的数（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：a surprise一件令人

7、惊讶的事；a success一个(件)成功的人(事)；an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)；a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)；an experience一次经历；a pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.；Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?；It is a waste of time reading such a nov

8、el.；She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.（2）有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；a few grey hairs几根白发；a glass一只玻璃杯。【典例】1.【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/whi

9、ch showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。2. 【2018·浙江卷 】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (

10、dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。 名词所有格名词所有格（1）-s所有格the boys mother；the childrens toys；the teachers books；Lucy and Lily s bedroom（共用的）；Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)（2）“of名词”所有格the roof of the house；the cover of the book；the name of the girl；a pic

11、ture of my father（3）双重所有格a friend of my brothers (one of my brothers friends)；a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)（4）s所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory等。用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，t

12、en dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。（5）所有格的句法功能表所有关系： Jacks brother表主谓关系： Mr Wangs praise表动宾关系： the famous stars admirers表修饰关系： a doctors degree表同位关系(只用of所有格)：the city of Beijing【典例】1. Once I broke a (neighbor) window. Seeing nobody

13、around, I ran away immediately.【答案】neighbors2. There is a nice picture in the little    bedroom. She likes it very much.A. girl B. girls C. girls D. girls 【答案】C3. This is reading-room.A. the teachers B. teachers C. teacher D. the teachers 【答案】D4.The newly-built library is a build

14、ing.A. five storey B. five storeys C. five-storeys D. five storeys【答案】D 名词的功能及词义辨析名词的功能（1）可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.（2）作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。分类意义air pollution空气污染；coffee cup咖啡杯；body language身体语言；road accident交通事故； the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack杰

15、克医生；Professor Li李教授；evening school夜校；winter sleep冬眠表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk接待台；sports field田径场；stone table石桌；color TV彩电（3）作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.（4）作同位语Tom, our monitor, left school last year. 名词的词义辨析主要考察单词基本义的引申和拓展、易错的名词固定搭配以及对同义词、近义词的考查等，是高考中名词考点的重要部分。要解决名词词义辨析，需注意平时

16、积累。【典例】1（2020·江苏省高考真题）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable _.AreservationBtransformationCdistinctionDSubmission【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation预订；B. transformation改革，变革；C. distinction区别；D. submission提交。根据前文The health security systems可知

17、，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。2（2020·天津高考真题）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _as one of America's greatest writers.AtrustBcontactCreputationDTheory【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. t

18、heory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。3. 【2019·江苏卷 】26.Nowadays the _ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；

19、D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。4. 【2018·江苏】Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption【答案】D【解析】考查名词，词义辨析及语境理解。 句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment 分配； B. association 交往； C. acquisit

20、ion 获得；D. assumption 假设。故选D。5. .【2019·天津卷 】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) _on our lives in many ways.A. statementB. impactC. impressionD. judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement“陈述说明”； impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”； impression“印象，感想”； jud

21、gement“判断力判断”。故选B。6.【2018·天津】6. The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility D. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D.

22、 invitation邀请。故选C。7.(2018·全国卷)This switch has decreased       (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.【答案】pollution 解析： 作动词decrease 的宾语，用名词形式。 主谓一致 主谓一致的三个原则一语法一致原则，即主语语法形式上的单复数形式与谓语的单复数形式要一致。 1.单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语

23、或从句做主语时，谓语动词一般采用单数形式。注意：一个主语从句做主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。2.当主语是and, bothand 连接的并列结构时，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，谓语动词用复数。注意：两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一人，同一物、同一概念，或不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。这时and 后面的名词没有冠词。3.由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each、every 、no、many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。Every man and every woman has a good reason

24、to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。Each boy and each girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。注意：each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语：each作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Each student has an MP3, which gives them more ways to enjoy

25、their spare time.每个学生都有一个MP3，这给他们在课余时间享受生活提供了更多的方式。Each of the class has been given a bike.这个班里的每一个学生都得到了一辆自行车。注意：each位于复数主语后或句尾，不影响谓语动词的数。They each have built a happy family. (=They have built a happy family each.)他们每个人都组建了幸福的家庭。4某些不定代词，如 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, any

26、one, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等做主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of the students has a book.每个学生都有一本书。5主语是由“many a +名词”或“more than one+名词”构成，其意义虽属多数，但是随后的谓语动词仍然用单数。Many a student is here.很多学生在这里。More than one student goes to the park.很多学生去了公园。注意

27、：“many+复数名词+than one”结构之后， 谓语动词一般多用复数形式。More employees than one are against your suggestion. 反对你的提议的雇员不止一个。二. 意义一致原则，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。1.时间、距离、金钱、重量等复数名词做主语时，其谓语动词用单数。时间：Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.距离：One hundred kilometers is not a long distance.金钱：20,000 dollars is not a

28、small sum of money.重量：Two hundred tons of water was used in that factory last month.2.一个算式时，表示数目的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词用单数形式。Twenty-five plus five is equal to thirty.Forty-three minus twenty-five makes eighteen.3.s 结尾的学科名称，如：mathematics, physics, politics, economics，mechanics, athletics, linguistics 等；Math

29、ematics seems to be difficult to me.注意：专有名词，如国名、人名、书名、戏剧名、组织机构及形式复数意义单数的名词news和以-s结尾的疾病的名词,如measles，arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps等，他们形式上是复数，但意义上是单数。用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。No news is good news.The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.The United States is a powerful country in the world.4.山脉、群岛、瀑布

30、、运动会等以-s 结尾的专有名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。 The Olympic Games are held once every four years.5一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。常用的这类词有：a. Goods（货物）；arms(武器); wages(工资);contents(内容); remains(尸体); fireworks(烟火)；clothes（衣服）；stairs(楼梯)等;b.凡是由-ings 结尾的名词，如surroundings(环境); savings(储蓄存款);clippings (剪下来的东西), diggings(挖出来的东西)

31、，earnings(收入)，filings(銼屑)，lodgings ( 租住的房间)，sweepings (扫拢的垃圾)等;cglasses; shorts(短裤）; trousers; shoes; scissors(剪刀); scales(天平); gloves(手套); compasses(圆规); spectacles(眼镜). 但是若其前面有pair 等表示单位的名词时，那么谓语动词的单复数由这些表示单位的词的单复数决定。One pair of shoes is missing.。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 6单复数同形的名词作主语，应根据

32、其意义来决定谓语动词的形式。常见的名词可分为一下几类：某些动物名词：deer; fish; sheep; grouse (松鸡); salmon(鲑); bison(野牛); swine(猪)等.以-ese 或-ss 结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词：Chinese; Japanese; Portuguese(葡萄牙人); Swiss（瑞士人）; Vietnamese（越南人）等。某些以-s 结尾的名词：mans(方式，方法); species (种类); series (系列); works (工厂；著作); crossroads(十字路口); headquarters(司令部); barrack

33、s (营房); crops (部队); links(高尔夫球场);等.某些表示计量单位的名词：Horsepower（马力）; hertz（赫兹）; kilohertz（千赫）其它一些名词：Aircraft; craft(船；航空器；航天器); dice(骰子); offspring(子孙)等.There are five sheep on the farm, but there are only three goats.This glass works (factory) was set up in 1990.These glass works are near the railway sta

34、tion. Every possible means has been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker. All possible means have been tried to to save the badly-hurt worker.为了去拯救这个严重受伤的工人，我们已经尝试了所有可能的方法。7 clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage,等无生命的集体名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。Clothing is badly needed in the fl

35、ooded area.8 people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。 The police are looking for the thief.9 集合名词class，family, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government, majority, minority, staff, class, company, union, gang, committee, council，nation等做主语，如果作为一个整体看待，其谓语动词要用

36、单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，则谓语动词用复数。My family is a large one.My family are watching TV.10疑问代词who, what, which; 不定代词 all（指代的是“人”时, 谓语动词用复数；指代的是“物”时，谓语动词用单数）, none, some, any；half/ most/enough/the rest/ the last/ lots/plenty/part/分数/百分数+of+名词做主语，谓语动词的单复数要由它们所接名词的单复数而定。根据其指代的内容而定。All is going on very well.All a

37、re present besides the professor.A lot of students are coming to the meeting.11 “a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些，许多”，谓语动词要用复数。“the number of +复数可数名词”表示“的数目，数量”，谓语动词要用单数。The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.有50个人被邀请，但是很多人因为各种各样的原因缺席了。12 a quantity o

38、f /an amount of+名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 Quantities of / amounts of +名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。 A(this) kind/sort/type of+名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 These (those) kinds/sorts/types of +名词做主语，谓语动词用复数。A large quantity of books is here.Large quantities of books are here.A large amount of money is wasted.Large amounts of money are waste

39、d.13. “one and a half+可数名词复数”，“one in (out of )+可数名词复数”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。One and a half days is all the manager can spare. 经理只能抽出一天半的时间。One in three students can speak English in this school. 在这所学校的每三个学生中就有一个会说英语的。注意：one or two, aor two修饰的名词作主语：One or two后接复数名词作主语，谓语动词要用复数。但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后，位于却常用

40、单数。14关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中做主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go to the park, please stand up.Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom.“one of +复数名词+定语从句”，定语从句的谓语动词用复数。“the only/the very/the first/the last + one of +复数名词+定语从句”, 定语从句的谓语动词用单数。15 “the +形容词/分词”做主语，

41、如果指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数。The rich are not always happy.三就(靠)近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。1.由 or; eitheror; neithernor; whetheror; not onlybut also，notbut等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。Neither you nor I am fit for the work.Not only Tom but also Mary and Jane are tired of doing the sa

42、me thing every day. 注意：“with /along with/ together with/ combined with/ as well as/ like/unlike/ rather than/ but/ except /besides/ in addition to/ including/ more than/ no less than/accompanied by +名词”置于主语后，他们都充当插入语，谓语动词一般仍与前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。He, like you and Jim, is clever.The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible.Mary, as well as her sisters, studies Chinese in China.Nobody excep