定语从句(整理)

1、1.定义定义： 又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2.先行词先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词被定语从句修饰的名词或代词3.关系代词、关系副词：关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句的词引导定语从句的词关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词Who, whom, whose, which, that，asWhen, where, whyA dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.句子主干：句子主干：定语从句：定语从句：先先 行行 词：词：关系代词：关系代词：A d

2、ictionary is a book.which gives the meaning of words.bookwhich4. 分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之他事物；主句和从句之间间不用逗号不用逗号隔开隔开非限定性定语从句是非限定性定语从句是对对主句先行词的补充说明主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整句意思完整.一般一般用逗号用逗号把主句和从句分开把主句和从句分开引导词：关系

3、代词和引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作关系副词，作宾语宾语时时一些关系代词一些关系代词可以省可以省略略引导词：引导词：as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，等，不用不用that或或why,不能省不能省略略1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is _can fly.a machinethat /whichJoin the following sentences:2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday._ we saw y

4、esterday is Mary.The girl限制性定语从句举例：限制性定语从句举例： 1. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 2. China is a country which has a long history. 3. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例：非限制性定语从句举例：1. His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him

5、. 2. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 3. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. （

6、带插图的书写得好。）（带插图的书写得好。）（所有的书都写的很好。所有的书都带插图）（所有的书都写的很好。所有的书都带插图）指代内容指代内容所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略that人；物人；物主语主语,宾语宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省which物物主语主语,宾语宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省who人人主语主语,宾语宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省whom人人宾语宾语可省可省whose(人人/物物)的的定语定语不可省不可省关系代词的用法关系代词的用法1. who指人指人, ,作主语或宾语作主语或宾语 ( (作宾语可省略）作宾语可省略）The boys who are playing football ar

7、e from Class One. A person who steals things is called a thief.2. whom指人指人, ,作宾语作宾语 ( (作宾语可省略作宾语可省略, ,如如介词提前则不能省介词提前则不能省) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.3. whose 在定语从句中作定语，与后面在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。的名词为所属关系。 whose多指人，也多指人，也可指物，指物时可与可指物，指物时可与 of which互换使用。互

8、换使用。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. =the father of whom2. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.3. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? Do you know

9、the girl whose hair is very short in our class?Do you know the girl?Her hair is very short in our class.He is the student.I broke his pencil yesterday.He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. We found a house of which the roof had been damaged.We found a house the roof of which had been dam

10、aged.We found a house whose roof had been damaged.4which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 1. Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 2. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 3. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 4. The film ( which ) they

11、went to see last night was not interesting at all.5. that 指人时，相当于指人时，相当于who 或或whom；指物时，相当于指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略作宾语时常可省略。1. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 2. The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 3. The season that / which comes after sp

12、ring is summer. 4. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. that和和which在指物的情况下一般都可在指物的情况下一般都可以互换以互换, , 但在下列情况下但在下列情况下, , 一般用一般用that而不用而不用which。Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. (1) 限制性定语从句中先行词为限制性

13、定语从句中先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代词指物时。等不定代词指物时。(something用用that或或which均可均可)This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.This is the first time (that) I am in Beijing. (3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。There is a book on t

14、he desk that belongs to Tom. (2)There be 句型中用句型中用that。(4)先行词是先行词是who或或which引导的主句。引导的主句。Who is the girl that drove the car? Who that broke the window will be punished.Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?They talked about the persons and thing

15、s that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.(5)当先行词既有人又有物。当先行词既有人又有物。Ive read all the books that are not mine. This is the very book that belongs to him.(6)先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修

16、饰。等修饰。Those are many trees under which they can have a rest.在下列情况下在下列情况下, ,一般用一般用which而不用而不用that。(1) 紧跟介词作宾语紧跟介词作宾语Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.The tree, which is 400 years old, is very famous here. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中He may be late, in which case, we sho

17、uld wait for him.(3) 作定语作定语n as 引导定语从句引导定语从句: n1) 表示表示“正如正如”n2）位置前、中、后）位置前、中、后n3）只能代指整个主句的内容）只能代指整个主句的内容n4）如不是在结构）如不是在结构n the sameas./suchas中，中，n 则引导非限制性定语从句则引导非限制性定语从句as 和和which 引导非限制性定引导非限制性定语从句的语从句的区别区别 which引导的从句只能放在主句之后；引导的从句只能放在主句之后；as引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。2. which既可代指先行词，又可代指整既可

18、代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于个主句的内容。相当于 “and this” 或或 “and that”. 译为译为“这一点这一点”。as只能代指整个主句的内容。常带有只能代指整个主句的内容。常带有“正如正如”之意，且已形成固定结构。之意，且已形成固定结构。 as is known, as is reported, as is said, as is expected, as we know, etc.1. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.2. As is reported, China has become an import

19、ant country in the world.3. Taiwan belongs to China, as is known to all.4. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.5. My son now goes to the school, which I used go to when I was a child.6. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.3. as在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须 是系动词；而是系动词；而whic

20、h则不一定。则不一定。 He is very strict, as is shown in his work. The man is very learned, as is described in the book.4. 先行词前有先行词前有the same, such限定时，关限定时，关 系词只能用系词只能用as. I have the same opinion as you (have). Dont read such books as are beyond your ability.当先行词受当先行词受the same 修饰时，有时也用修饰时，有时也用 that引导定语从句，但与引导定

21、语从句，但与as引导的定语从引导的定语从句意思有区别。句意思有区别。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 5.主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往用关系词往往用which。Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 关系副词的用法关系副词的用法指代内指代内容容所做成分所做成

22、分 是否可省略是否可省略when时间时间状语状语否否where地点地点状语状语否否why原因原因状语状语否否Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.on whichIll never forget the time which/that was spent with you.when 在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于往是表示时间的名词。相当于介词介词+which若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。This i

23、s the house where I lived two years ago.in whichThe library (which/that) you visited yesterday was built in 1990.where在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示地点的名词。相当于往是表示地点的名词。相当于“介词介词 + which”。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。where 引导的定语从句也可以修饰引导的定语从句也可以修饰case, condition, situation,

24、instance, 等先行等先行词。词。There are cases where this rule does not hold good.Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?Do you know the reason why she was late.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. why在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于reason之后，相当于之后，相当于for which。th

25、e reason whyis that 的原因是的原因是他辞职的原因是他和老板吵架了。他辞职的原因是他和老板吵架了。The reason why he resigned was that he quarreled with his boss.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good. 在在the reason why 结构中，结构中，why 引导引导定定语从句语从句，它也可以换为，它也可以换为for which或者省略或者省略。在从句中作在从句中作原因状语原因状语

26、。 如果关系代词指代先行词如果关系代词指代先行词reason在从句中在从句中作主语、宾语、表语作主语、宾语、表语等时，则用等时，则用that或或which。3.the reason is that结构中，只能用结构中，只能用that 引导引导表语从句表语从句，不要受汉语的影响，误用，不要受汉语的影响，误用 because。1）如紧接着介词，介词）如紧接着介词，介词+whom(人人)/which（物（物）不用）不用that. This is the school at which I used to teach.= This is the school which/that I used to

27、teach at. “介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句That is the writer with whom I talked just now.=That is the writer whom/who/that I talked with just now.介词的选择：介词的选择：根据根据先行词先行词、动词动词或或形容词形容词的固定搭配的固定搭配2）关系副词）关系副词where/when/why可替换成可替换成“介词介词+which”.This is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the hous

28、e where I lived two years ago.n Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?=Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason for which he was put in prison.=This is the reason why he was put in prison.n有些固定的短语动词中介词不可提前有些固定的短语动词中介词不可提前nThe boy who I take care of is my fr

29、iends son.【例【例1】 I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. 1994 上海上海 A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who 【解析】解析】本题的第一个空格处应填入表示时间的本题的第一个空格处应填入表示时间的关系副词关系副词when，在从句中作状语。在从句中作状语。答案：答案：B。 【例例2】 Carol said the work w

30、ould be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. 1999全国全国 A. it B. that C. when D. which 【解析解析】“我个人所怀疑的我个人所怀疑的”是是“到十月份这工作到十月份这工作能否被完成能否被完成”，而不是，而不是“十月份十月份”，由此，由此判定非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是判定非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是October,而是前面整个主句的内容。而是前面整个主句的内容。答案：答案：D。 【例例3】 John said hed been working in the office for an hour

31、, _ was true.2001春春 A. he B. this C. which D. who 【解析解析】“John说他在办公室工作一个小时了，说他在办公室工作一个小时了，这件事情是真的这件事情是真的” 所以要用关系代词所以要用关系代词which指代这件事情并引导非限制性定指代这件事情并引导非限制性定语从句。答案：语从句。答案：C。【例例4】Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用此为非限定性从句，不能用 th

32、at修修饰，而用饰，而用which. it 和和he 都使后句成为句都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选况且选he句意不通。句意不通。【例例5】The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而性定语从句，而what不可。不可。That 不能用不能用于非限定性定语从句，于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由不为连

33、词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。法上行不通。【例例6】The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （2004全国）全国） A. for whichB. at whichC. in which D. on which 本句属于本句属于“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导定语从引导定语从句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得 My students acted in the English play at

34、the New Years party.,所以答案为所以答案为C。 【例例7】_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. （2004北京）北京）A. It B. As C. That D. What【例例8】I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (2004湖南湖南) A. how B. which C. where D. that例例9. Is this museum

35、 _ you visited a few days ago. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one变为肯定句：变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.在该句中，主句中所缺部分为表语，从句在该句中，主句中所缺部分为表语，从句中缺少宾语。只有中缺少宾语。只有the one既做了主句的表既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，相当于：词，相当于：the one that/which 所以应选所以应选D。 Is this the museum _ t

36、he exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one变为肯定句：变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.该句中该句中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又，又因因 in the museum词组，可用介词词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选用的不对，所以选A。例例10. The journey ar

37、ound the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004全国全国) A. of which B. during which C. From which D. for which A 关系代词关系代词which指代指代 the journey, 定语定语从句恢复为独立句子应该是：从句恢复为独立句子应该是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her

38、role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy. A. whichB. who C. hisD. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. whichB. when C. that D. where 3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom

39、D. with whom4. Please take any seat is free. A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier. A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whomD. none of them6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋太平洋). A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which7. New York is famou

40、s for its sky- scrapers (摩天大楼摩天大楼), has more than 100 storeys. A. the higher of them B. the highest of which C. the highest of them D. some of which8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be. A. which B. as C. where D. when9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m.,

41、 many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. A. who B. whose C. that D. which11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it12. Mr. Wa

42、ng is a boss, factory Li Ping worked. A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which13. I dont like the way you speak to her. A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, C14. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a good effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who 15. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years