英国文学简史期末考试复习要点

1、 精选文档 5 世纪 1485)? 贝奥武甫( Beowulf )? 高文爵士和绿衣骑士( Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗禾U 乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。( FatherofEnglish Poetry)坎特伯雷故事( The Canterbury Tales )15 世纪后期17 世纪初)?托马斯莫尔 (Thomas More )乌托邦( Utopia )?埃德蒙斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser )仙后 ( The Faerie Queene)?弗兰西斯培根(Francis Bacon )论说文集( Essays)克

2、里斯托弗马洛 Christopher Marlowe?帖木儿大帝( Tamburlaine )?浮士德博士的悲剧( The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus )?马耳他岛的犹太人( The Jew of Malta )威廉莎士比亚William Shakespeare )哈姆莱特( Hamlet ) SONNET1817 世纪文学约翰弥尔顿John Milton失乐园( Paradise Lost )?约翰班扬(John Bunyan )天路历程( The Pilgrim s Progress )17 世纪后期18 世纪

3、中期)18 世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大蒲柏(Alexander Pope )是新古典主义诗歌的代表。?乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Swift格列佛?丹尼尔笛福Daniel Defoe英国小说之父鲁滨孙漂流记( Robinson Crusoe )?亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding汤姆琼斯(Tom Jones )?乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Swift格列佛游记Gulliver s Travels?亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding( Tom Jones ) 托马斯格雷Thomas Gray墓

4、园哀歌( Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard )五、浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832 )?罗伯特彭斯 Robert Burns?威廉布莱克 William Blake?威廉华兹华斯 William Wordsworth?塞缪尔泰勒柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge抒情歌谣集( Lyrical Ballads )一 . Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5 世纪 1485）<Beowulf> 贝奥武夫:the national epic o

5、f the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some wor

6、ds in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound （头韵） Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical wayfor Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟 1340（?）1400（首创“双韵体”，英国文学史

7、上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（ John Dryden ）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。）The father of English poetry.It is alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive （综合的，广泛的）realistic pictureof the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks o

8、f life. （ A ）A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury T ales> 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet （双韵体） by middle EnglishMedieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance（ 传奇故事）Famous three ： King ArthurSir Ga

9、wain and the Green KnightBeowulfII TheRenaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（ 15 世纪后期17 世纪初）A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.Renaissance : the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning i

10、n the14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features可编辑精选文档1. a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature2. the keen interest in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the mod

11、ern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,(3) to recover the purity of the early

12、 church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance- rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christop

13、her MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.1. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞 15521599(后人称之为 “诗人的诗人”。) The poets ' poet. The first to be buried in the Poet' Westomeinefer Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason fo

14、r that Edmund Spenser is famous for“the poet ' s poet ” ? ( B )A. Spenser ' s idealismB. his struggle for criteriaC. his love of beautyD. his exquisite melody <The Faerie Queen> 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not“Arms and the man ” , but something more romantic“Fierce wars and fai

15、thfull loves ".Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar> 牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.2. Thomas More 托马

16、斯莫尔 14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia> 乌托邦3. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯培根 15611626(哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。)Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.Writing style: brevity, compactness&powerfulnes

17、s, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man ' s reason.< The Advancement of Learning> 学术的推进< Essays> 随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)The theme of Of Studies : uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to

18、pursue studies.5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛 15641595a University Wits ” , the pioneer of English drama(完善了无韵体诗。)Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to with his“mighty lines " （ D ）A. the Petrarchan sonnetB. sestinaC. terza rimaD. blank verse<The Tra

19、gical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）< Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝< The Jew of Malta> 马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚 15641616 Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜；<Twelfth Night>第十二夜；<A Midsummer Night ' S Dream 仲夏夜之梦；<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人 Four

20、Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特；<Othello> 奥赛罗；<King Lear> 李尔王；<Macbeth> 麦克白 Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III Th

21、e 17th Century17 世纪文学1. John Milton 约翰弥尔顿 16081674（诗人、政论家；失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。） Epics: <Paradise Lost> 失乐园<Paradise Regained> 复乐园 Dramatic poem:< Samson Agonistes>力士参孙2. John Bunyan 约翰班扬 16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet（

22、 清教徒派诗人）Religionary Allegory: < The Pilgrim ' s Progres天路历程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet（玄学派诗人）.Metaphysical Poetry（ 玄学诗）：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,（形式）the form is frequentlyan argument with the poet ' s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, rel

23、igious, thought ）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻The Flea 虱子 Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century 启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期一18世纪中期）:Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic,

24、 restrained emotion（抑制情感）and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16 th centries, aprogressive intellectual movement, reason（rationality）, equality&science（the 18th century）小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, mod

25、ern English novel rised（realistic novel现实主义小说 ）1. Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏 16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用"英雄双韵体"/ " heroic couplets "。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of th

26、e Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? （ C ）可编辑 精选文档 A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift < An Essay on Criticism 批评论Artistic features:I.Using “heroic couplets ”< The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记< Moral Essays道德论<Essay on Man

27、> 人论<The Dunciad 愚人记3. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist 。） < Gulliver ' s Travel格列佛游记（fictional work）Four parts:Lilliput 小人国Flying Island 飞岛<A Modest Proposal> < The Battle of Books>Brobdingnag 大人国Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议书战<A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事

28、<The Drapper ' s Letters一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福 16601731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.5. Robinson Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记It prais

29、e the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles

30、 to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.5. HenryFielding 亨利菲尔丁 17071754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”O）He is called “Father of English novel ” . He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose ”（散文体史诗 ）,and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. no

31、vels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> 弃婴汤姆 ？琼斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫 ？安德鲁<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生？威尔德7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯利施莱登 17511816 < The Rivals> 情敌 < The School for Scandal> 造谣学校8. William Bl

32、ake 威廉布莱克 17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children' s eye. <Songs of Experience>经验之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: <The Chimney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>Lamb is

33、a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence9. Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯 17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18 th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 主要用苏格兰方言写的诗< A Red, Red Rose> 一朵红红的玫瑰< Auld Long Syne>往昔时光 < A Man ' s a Man for A ' >

34、Thaif那一套< My Heart ' s in the Highlands> 我的心在那高原上V The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832 )The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge' s <Lyrical Ballads , and end in1832 with Sir Walter Scott ' s death.Romanticism: It emphasize the special qual

35、ity of each individual' s mind.( 人应该是独立自由的个体 )In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic p

36、eriod areJane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic) ."The Lake Poets ”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel T aylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 17701850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets ) < Lyrical Ballads> 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel T

37、 aylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him a strength and knowledge fullof peace ”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very che

38、erful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙)and poet ' s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyThe Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 <The Prelud

39、e> 序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治 17721834 The Lake Poets < The Rime of the Ancient Mariner> 古舟子颂< Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔< Kubla Khan> 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination,a strange territory< Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 < Dejection, an Ode> 忧郁颂

40、< Lyrical Ballads> 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦17881824(拜伦式英雄 Byronic heroes 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈可编辑精选文档罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。)“Byronic hero " is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.

41、 <Don Juan> 唐？璜< Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage恰尔德 ？哈罗德尔游记4. Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama : < Prometheus Unbound 解放了 的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man ' s victory over tyranny and oppression< Queen Mab> 麦布女王 Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<A Defence of Po

42、etry> 诗辩 <The Necessity of Atheism无神论的必要性 Lyrics:<Ode to the West Wind> 西风颂Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who

43、 scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Od

44、e to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Arti

45、stic features:Using rerza rima( 三行诗 aba bcb cdc ded efe)5. John Keats 约翰济慈 17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<Ode to Psyche> 心灵颂<Ode On Melancholy>忧郁颂 <To Autumn> 秋颂Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem

46、, "T o Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charmand appeal to thereader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usua

47、lly yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6. Jane Austen 简奥斯丁 17751817She compared her works to a fine engraving upon

48、 a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. < Sense and Sensibility> 理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a wom

49、an is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.可编辑 精选文档 【 Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】 comic characters<Mansfield Park> 曼斯菲尔德庄园<Emma> 爱玛<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺&l

50、t;Persuasion> 劝导题型 1. 配对（ 10 ） 2. 判断正误（10 ） 3. 选择（ 30 ） 4. 术语（ 20 ） 5 材料分析（20 ） 6. 问答（ 10 ）Ballad（ 民谣 ） In m ore exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting ofquatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter. Common traits of the balladare that（a） the beginn

51、ing is often abrupt ,（b） the story is told through dialogue and action （c）the language is simple or “ folksy, ” （d） the theme is often tragic-though comic ballads doexist, （e） the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular inEngland in the late 14 th century and was

52、adopted by many writers. One of the most importantanthologies of ballads is F. J. Child s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads . 在更为精确的文学术语中，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。（c）语言简单，民风十足。（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。民谣这种诗歌形式在14 世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行

53、，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。历史上最为知名的民谣集之一为恰尔德收集出版的英格兰和苏格兰流行歌谣。Epic（ 史诗 ） An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and dealswith legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal withthe exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main

54、narrative with myths, legends,folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country coheringin the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertainingstories oflegendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an

55、 entire可编辑精选文档nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙述中插入神话、传 说、民间故事以及历史事件；一个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一个民族在其历史上一个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。Humanism（ 人文主 义 ） Broadly, this term suggests any attitude w

56、hich tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to thesupernatural ,divine elements -or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectivelyi

57、n particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature ofancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and

58、world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, andattain happiness byremoving all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designatethe revival of classical culture which accompanied theRenaissance. 这个术语广义上是指一切提升人类因素或重视人类利益，反对超自然的、超人的因素或 反对粗野的、动物的因素的态度。更确切地来讲，人文主义意味着投身到最有效地促进人类文化的研究 当中特别涉及到古希腊和罗马的生活、思想、语言和文学的研究。人文主义宣称人是世界上最高贵 的动物；生活的目标就是要享受现世的生活而不是期望来世。人文主义学者认为，只有外部阻碍才能阻 止人类和世界的无限进步，人类可