研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

1、READING COMPREHENSION TEST I (45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)Directions : In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questionsPassage OneA study releasedlast week indicates that American students not only have no proble

2、m with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intend

3、ed to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karr

4、es, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: "Nowadays parents may make little of (ignore) their child's mistake by thinking ' he was cheating, but

5、 it's not like he's taking drugs' or ' she's pregnant.'As for teachers,Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to "press (report) the point". Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? An

6、d even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters 华符用)on t

7、he Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hoo

8、k up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and "commitment to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility".1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that. A.

9、college authorities don't take cheating very seriously B. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2. According to Erika Karres, parents.A. don't think

10、of cheating as their children's behavioral mistake B. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC. make little of their girls' being pregnantD. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because.A. they think it doesn't hel

11、p to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4. Wide-awake teachers can

12、 find cheating by.A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the InternetB. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD. checking the vocabulary and grammar used i

13、n the latest published papers5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place f

14、or a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way - in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve

15、 pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, "don't th

16、row it in the trash", said Michele Glaze, a Dell spokeswoman. ' 'That's not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment." At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options:They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle th

17、em for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling - U. S. $ 1334 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or

18、, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities - steel, aluminum, copper and plastic - at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will g

19、ladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's c

20、omputer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know becausehe often strips old computers down to their composite parts."The beauty of the Mac is it's easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first," he said.6. The new

21、computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because.A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in officeB. the new programs will save our space at home or in officeC. the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD. the old computer parts have caused serious environme

22、ntal pollution7. Computer companies collect old computers made by .A. their own companiesB. other computer companiesC. computer makers in the U. S. D. any computer makers8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that .A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the r

23、eturned equipment B. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old parts C. the company has to transport the returned equipment to Tennessee D. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools?A. Donations of all

24、 the second-hand computers.B. Used computers which can run current systems.C. Donations of old operating systems.D. New computer cases.10. By saying "The beauty of be operated on first" (in the last paragraph) Lorin Evans means “” .A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be t

25、aken apart B. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repaired C. it is easy to know where to put the very old computers D. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as import

26、ant as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world _ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters

27、(29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest inrecent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of sever

28、al expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worr

29、ied about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve "firsts", rather than simply climb the mountain. This year's crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An Ame

30、rican with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the

31、 terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of

32、the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers whothought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usua

33、l triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?A. Watching the weather. B. Making a final dash.C. Psychological adjustment. D. Group management.12. More accidents have happened i

34、n recent years due to .A. bad geographical conditions B. carelessness of the climbersC. overcrowdingD. snowstorms13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to showA. their courageB. their diversityC. their great achievements D. their common motivation14. The attitude of the Nepali g

35、overnment toward the circus atmosphere _is.A. indifferent B. welcoming C. worried D. concerned15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to .A. overcrowdingB. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbers D. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmer

36、icans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors - and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics

37、of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western &q

38、uot;I to you" approach. The difference is this: in "1 to you", each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view - he states what he wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this

39、.The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side - automatically and often unconsciously - trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual atte

40、mpt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on "consensus M-4tit) opinion". In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government a

41、gencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group - whether it is family, company, or Government - to act as a unit.Another characteristic is "bottom-up direction" of management. When I use the ter

42、m "bottom-up" , I am referring to a style of management - perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally

43、taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western style decision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organizat

44、ion and have an impact on the eventual decision.16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japaneseand western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into con

45、frontations.17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually .A. present their ideas from their own point of view B. listen passively during the discussion C. come into conflict with one anotherD. consider other people's ideas18. In the West, a decision in an organization can

46、 be made when .A. a consensus is reachedB. there is a lot of discussionC. the workers are consultedD. the top have their ideas19. The expression "keeping your finger on the pulse of the public" (in bold, in Paragraph 8) has the closest meaning with .A. knowing the opinion of the public B.

47、presenting the opinion of the publicC. judging the opinion of the public D. imposing an opinion on the public20. This passage was most probably written by a .A. historianB. politicianC. sociologist D. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or a

48、nother can be classified as "liberal economists". Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe th

49、at the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal e

50、conomists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unaccep

51、table and perhaps even "extremely objectionable".Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physicall