并列句和状语从句

1、并列句和状语从句考纲解读1 状语从句的引导词与介词的用法比较；状语从句与定语从句引导词的辨析2 能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连接词的用法差异3 Whatever whenever wherever等引导词与no matter wh-等引导词的不同用法命题规律1. 五年高考有关并列句和状语从句考点分布表考点题量年份状语从句时间状语条件状语 让步状语 原因状语 地点状语 目的/结果状语并列句2008555212120096630001201056212012011508002320123460314合计242124365102. 试题的设问呈现出交叉和综合的特点。四个选项中往往给出尽可能多的不同性质

2、的连词，如：as可引导时间、原因、让步三种不同性质的从句；while引导时间状语从句；unless引导条件状语从句。干扰项还从定语从句或名词性从句的角度进行干扰。3. 对于让步状语从句的考查仍是重头戏，2012年考查6个小题，对并列句的考查逐年上升。命题趋势并列句和状语从句是每年高考单项填空部分必考的题目之一，未来的高考也不例外。考查的重点仍然是考生容易混淆的近似连词的用法，试题的结构将越来越复杂，设问的角度将越来越多样化。突破方法1. 首先应具备全面的状语从句知识，熟悉每个连接词的语义和语用特征，尤其像as since这样的用法灵活的词；像before until unless等用法复杂的词

3、；像as when while as since because if even if in case as long as这些不易区分的表达，一定要充分重视对它们的学习2. 解答并列句和状语从句类题目时，一定要头脑清醒，思维清晰。实际上，这类题是让你选出两个具有一定逻辑关系分句之间的一个“逻辑链”。所以，能否准确把握分句间的逻辑关系是做出正确选择的关键。3. 经验表明，收集一些结构复杂的长难句进行逻辑思维能力的专项训练是有益的、必要的并列句一、 句子的分类 主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 简单句 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语 主语+系动词+表语 表递进句子 表选择并列句

4、 表转折 表因果 其他 形容词性从句即定语从句 主语从句名词性从句 宾语从句 复合句 表语从句 同位语从句 副词性从句即状语从句二、 并列句的基本概念并列句由两个或两个以上并列句而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。三、 常见的并列句1. 表递进关系：常用的并列连词有and, not onlybut (also)., neithernor, not.but等He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Not only did he speak more correctly, but (

5、also) he spoke more easily.2. 表选择关系：常用的并列连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等Either you are right,or I am.Dont drive so fast or/ otherwise youll have an accident.3. 表转折关系：常用的并列连词有but, yet, whereas, while等Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.Some men are rich, while/ whereas others are

6、poor.4. 表因果关系：常用的并列连词有so, forThe shops were closed so I didnt get any milk.It must have rained last night for it is wet all over.5. when还可用作并列连词，其意思为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/ that time。常用于下列句式：sb. Was doing sth. Whensb. Was about to do/ going to do/ on the point of doing sth.Sb. Had just done sth. Whe

7、n.We were having a meeting when someone broken in.We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.6. while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.时间状语从句一、 when, while 和as1. when既可引导一个持续动词，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生，也可用于从句动作先于主句动作发生when I lived there, I used to g

8、o to the seashore on Sundays.When the film ended, the people went back.当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用由as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句。As a young man , he was fond of hunting.2. 从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.3. 从属连词as可表示从句和主句的动作交替进行或同时发

9、生，可译为“一边.一边.”或 “随着.”He hurried home, looking behind as he went.As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer.4. 如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while 与as可互换。When/ while/ as I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.二、 as soone as, immediately, directly, i

10、nstantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner.than和hardly/ scarecely.when.The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming.No sooer had we arrived at the station than the train left.The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.三、 till, until和notuntil1. 肯定句：主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，

11、主句、从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”He remained there until/till she arrived.You may stay here until/ till the rain stops.2. 否定句：主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”.He wont go to bed till/until she returns.3. till不可以置于句首，而until可以Until you told me I had no idea of it.4. not.until句型中的强调和倒装用法（1） It was n

12、ot until you told me that I had any idea of it.（2） Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.四、 before和since1. 若表达“还未就.; 不到就.;.才.;还没来得及.就.”时，需用连词beforeWe had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.We hadnt run a mile before he left tired.Before I could get in a word, he had measue

13、d me.2. before从句中谓语不用否定式。Before they reached the station, the train had gone.3. It will be +一段时间+before.还要多久才It will be half a year before I come back.It wont be long before we meet again.4. since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词，主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生的动作。Since从句的时态若是一般过去时，相应地，主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。I have written home f

14、our times since I came here.She has been working in this factory since she left school.5. 在“it is +一段时间+ since从句”句型中，其句意取决于从句的谓语动词是否可延续。It is three years since the war broke out.It is three years since I smoked a cigar.五、 every time, each time, next time, the last time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来

15、引导时间状语从句，表示“每当; 每次.; 下次.”等every /Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.The last time she saw James，he was lying in bed.地点状语从句和原因状语从句一、 地点状语从句1. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词where, wherever 指具体地点时，从句可位于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句需放在主句之前。We should go

16、 where the Party needs us most.You are free to go wherever you like.Where there is a will, there is a way.Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.2. 注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questi

17、ons.二、 原因状语从句1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有：because, as, since, now that，每个连词的含义不尽相同。区别项目位置内涵语气能否回答why能否被强调Because主句前或后直接因果关系强能能As主句前或后双方都知道的原因弱不能不能Since/now that主句前I was absent from the meeting because I was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our mee

18、ting.2. 此外，when, seeing/considering that也可以表示原因，意为：既然；考虑到It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.目的状语从句和结果状语从句一、 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case lest等1. in order that 与so that两个连词都意为“以便.;为了.”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。In order that比so

19、 that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。Ill speak slowly so that you can see understand me.In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.2. for fear that 与in case引导目的状语从句时，for fear that 表示“害怕/担心发生某事”；in cas表示“以防”发生某种情况Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that sh

20、e might wake her baby up.Take your raincoat in case/ lest it should rain.二、 结果状语从句1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, sothat;suchthat在非正式语体中，由sothat, suchthat引导的句子中that可以省略，注意其结构形式So+ 形容词/副词+that从句So+ 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数形式+that 从句So+many/much/few/little(少)+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that从句数名词+that从句Such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式+th

21、at从句Such+形容词+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that 从句Such+a lot of/ lots of+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that从句Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.He earned so little money that he couldnt support his fa

22、mily.So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.2. 除结果状语从句外，tooto; enough to.; soas to等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.=He got up so late as to miss the bus.条件状语从句和方式状语从句一、 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：i

23、f unless so/as long as in case on condition that suppose/supposing that provided that/ providing assuming that considering that given thatYoull fail the exam unless you study hard.As long as you dont lose heart, you will succeed.Suppose/supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help

24、.In case there is a fire, what will we do first?二、 方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as as if as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if 或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可以用陈述语气。Do as you are old to, or youll be fired.The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.I feel as if I have a fever.让步状语从句和比较状语从句一

25、、 让步状语从句1. although/though, even though/ even if引导的让步状语从句although/though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet, still,或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用He is unhappy, though/although he has a lot of money.Although/though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.Even though/ if it is raining, well go there.Even i

26、f Iwere busy, I would go.注意：though还可以用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末He said he would come; he didnt, though.2. as 或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况as或though从句一般放在主句之前，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语时单数名词，前置时要省略冠词Child as/ though he is, he can tell the names of all the cars.Much as/though I like it, I wont buy it, for its too

27、 expensive.3. whetheror;疑问词+ever与no matter+疑问词whatever you believe it or not, it is true.Whatever =No matter what you say, he wont believe you.Whoever you are=No matter who you are, you must obey the rules.注意：whoever, whatever,whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句。You can take whatever you like.4. when, whi

28、le也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句，相当于although.Suddenly , she stopped short when she ought to have continued.While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.状语从句中的省略一、 时间状语从句中常见的紧缩形式Dont speak until spoken to.I prefer my milk a little sweeted whenever possible.As a young man ,Abraham L

29、incoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster.He often makes mistakes when speaking English.三、 条件状语从句中常见的紧缩形式Come tomorrow if possible.If so, you must go back and get it.Ill buy a TV set if necessary.The girl never gave in unless wrong.Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.四、 方式状语从句中的常见紧缩形式Some flow

30、ers shut up at night as if to sleep.She stood at the gate as if waiting for someone.The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though angry.The inspector looked round, as if in search of something.五、 其他状语从句中的紧缩形式Though cold, he still wore a shirt.Being blind, he couldnt see anything.=As he was

31、 blind, he couldnt see anything.Fill in the blanket with articles where necessary.特殊句式考纲解读1. 对于感叹句、祈使句、反义疑问句和否定句的考查主要从以下几个方面进行：（1） 感叹句的考查要点是what与how引导的感叹句作为宾语从句出现在试题中，其难点有两个方面：一是复数名词或不可数前面用what还是how;二是感叹句的语序。（2） 祈使句的主要考点是：根据句式特点判断是祈使分句还是状语成分；祈使句+and/or+结果分句（3） 反义疑问句主要考查主从复合句和并列句的反义疑问句（4） 否定句的考查主要是对于

32、部分否定句的辨认2. 对省略句的考查主要从以下几个方面进行：（1） 省略主语、主语和谓语、主语和谓语的一部分（2） 不定式符号to的省略（3） 状语从句中主语和谓语动词部分的省略（4） 不定式中动词的省略（5） 特殊句型的省略（6） 定语从句中关系词的省略（7） Not, so , neither, nor的“替代性”省略3. 对倒装句的考查主要从以下几个方面入手（1） 含有否定意味的词置于句首时，部分倒装（2） Only位于句首时，部分倒装（3） So/suchthat句型中，so/such位于句首时，so/such后的主句倒装，that从句不倒装4. 对主谓一致的考查重点是（1） 主语+a

33、s well as/ together with +名词/代词（2） Not onlybut also; neitheror.连接两个主语（3） Means, works 等词汇作主语命题规律1. 五年高考有关特殊句式考点分布表考点题量年份倒装句强调句反义疑问句祈使句和感叹句There be 句型其他200863120220091014117201041002220114423032012521203合计2911883172. 本专题内容知识性强， 主要涉及语言形式。五年高考考查的热点为倒装句和强调句，占本专题试题总量的533. 注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，加大了综合考查语法知识的力度命题趋势

34、1. 加强语法专项练习，尤其是强调和倒装两部分，一定要反复练习，确保记忆的准确和全面2. 不可对语法条目进行单纯的机械记忆，理解才是真正学好语法的关键，尤其是在知识之间出现交叉的地方，更要注重理解，认真对照，找出异同，以求举一反三，融会贯通。3. 考前应认真研读高考题目，了解高考题目的立意方向和设问风格，做到知己知彼，百战不殆倒装一、 完全倒装谓语动词完全放在主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种1. 表示方位或时间的副词或介词短语，如here, there, then, up, down, in, out,away, off, in the room, on the wall等置

35、于句首，且主语是名词时In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.South of the river lies a small factory.Out rushed the children.In she came.2. such 置于句首时Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.Such are the facts; on one can deny them.二 部分倒装只把谓语的一部分（多为助动词或情态动词）置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有下面几种：1. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时Only in this way can we learn English well.Only when he returned did we find out the truth.2. 否定副