2018年10月3日五夜十篇讲义VIP

1、第八篇：科学发现第一段1. In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.1） In the idealized (理想) version（状态） of how science is done（科研） Version (2007.2)variation2） fac

2、ts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers3） who use the scientific method to carry out their work2. But in the everyday（日常） practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.discovery discovery frequently follows route pro

3、cessan ambiguous and complicated 特征the process of discovery is characterized by its.（特征？） Auncertainty and complexityBmisconception and deceptiveness Clogicality and objectivityDsystematicness and regularity3. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the contex（t 环境，语境） of our unique life experi

4、ences.4. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent（随之，之后） actions we take.Prior to 在之前A influence B, C and D B=what we experienceC=what we think our experiences mean D=the subsequent actions we take.5. Opportunities for misinte

5、rpretation（错误的解释）, error, and self-deception abound. InterpretOpportunities abound第二段1. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. (科学的原型)雏形2. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. newly staked mining claimsstake（标注，打桩，赌注，重要性）写作：The stakes invol

6、ving the education has been the highest now.3. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.（IT= to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery）takes (requires) collective scrutiny（strict inspection） and acceptance.credibility process

7、 requires.Astrict inspectionefforts 模糊替换BC individual wisdomD persistent innovation4. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me,here, now becomes the commus anyone, anywhere, anytime.This = to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery5. Objective knowledg

8、e is the goal, not the starting point.第三段1. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.2. But, unlike with mining claims, the commutakes control of what happensnext.3. Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu , researchers make discoveries;

9、editors and reviewers agatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit（满足） their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying（伴随出现的，相应的，随之产生的，）sharedtechnology.4. As a discover

10、y claim works its way through the commuthe interactionand confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and thetechnology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the commu credible discovery.s1）As a discovery claim works its way through the commu2）the interacti

11、on(互动) and confrontation（） between shared（相同的）and competing（不同的） beliefs（观念） about the science and the technology involved（相应的，涉及到的）3）就 transforms an individuals discovery claim into the commu discovery.s credible33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.Ahas attracted t

12、he attention of teral publicOnce a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer credit.Becomes public?The company of WENDU becomes public.receivesintellectualBhas been examined by the scientific commuC has received recognition from editors and reviewersD has been frequently quoted by peer scientis

13、ts第四段1. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.2. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.3. Little reward accompanies duplication（ what is already known and believed.） and confirmation（确认） of4. The goal

14、is new-search, not re-search.5. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challengeand potential modification or refutation（） by future researchers.(哪有什么的发现？一直都在被质疑！)6. Second, novelty itself frequent

15、ly provokes disbelief.7. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”Albert Azent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that. Ascientific claims will survive challenges Bdiscoveries today inspire fut

16、ure research Cefforts to make discoveries are justifiedDscientific work calls for a critical mind8. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.9. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and apprec

17、iated.（创新被接受的时候其实已经不新了！）第五段1. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.1） credibility “happens” to a discovery claim2） This is a process that corresponds to(相一致) what philosopher Annett

18、e Baier has described as the commons of the mind.2. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning（推理） and each others conceptions（概念） of reason.”Which of the following would be the best title of the test? ANovelty as an Engine of Scientific Development BCollective Scruti

19、ny in Scientific DiscoveryCEvolution（过程=process） of Credibility in Doing ScienceDChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its. Auncertainty and complexityB misconception and deceptivenessC logicality and objecti

20、vity Dsystematicness and regularity32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires. Astrict inspectionB shared effortsC individual wisdom Dpersistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.Ahas attracted the attention of teral publi

21、cB has been examined by the scientific commuC has received recognition from editors and reviewers Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists34. Albert Azent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that. Ascientific claims will survive challenges Bdiscoveries today inspire future research Cefforts to mak

22、e discoveries are justifiedDscientific work calls for a critical mind35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test? ANovelty as an Engine of Scientific Development BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery CEvolution of Credibility in Doing ScienceDChallenge to Credibility at the

23、 Gate to Science第九篇：新的第一段1. The U.S.$ 3experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in Mlion Fundam1)The U.S.$ 3 million Fundamental Physics Prize is experiment,as Alexander Polyakov saidwhen he accepted this years award in March.an interesting2)3)2. And it is far

24、 from the only one of its type.3. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Da handsome reward for researchers4.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthe telephone-number-sized bank accounts of

25、Internet entrepreneurs.5. These benefactors (施主，恩公，金主，资助者，出资人) have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to（让人们关注） those who have succeeded in science.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as. Aa symbol of the entrepreneurs wealthBa poss

26、ible replacement of the Nobel Prizes Can example of bankers investmentsDa handsome reward for researchers第二段1. Whats not to like?2. Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists （一小撮）quoted in the News Feature.3. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs canno

27、t buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.4. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion（自我炒作） for thosebehind them, say scientists. = 这些只是有利于奖项的设立人。32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit. Athe profit-oriented scientistsB the founders of the awardsC the achievement-base

28、d system Dpeer-review-led research5. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.6. They could cement the status quo（现状） of peer-reviewed research.7.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.8. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.第三段1. The goals of the prize-giv

29、ers seem as scattered a（s 和一样的） the criticism.2. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.第四段1. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate（合理的） concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distr

30、ibuted.2. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes anunrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. （新的的不足！）3. But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of m

31、odern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. （老的 也有不足!）A has long been outgrown by B= B outgrow A ( B 使得 A 不合时宜了。)A= the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still

32、be living,B= the collaborative nature of modern researchAs= the collaborative nature of modern research B will be demonstrated by CC= the inevitable row ( 争吵) over who is ignored when it comes toacknowledging the discovery of theHiggs boson.Bthe joint effort of modern researchersThe discovery of the

33、 Higgs boson is a typical case which involves. Acontroversies over the recipients statusBthe joint effort of modern researchers Clegitimate concerns over the new prizesDthe demonstration of research findings4. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided wh

34、at he wanted to do with his own money.5. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.A Their endurance has done justice to them.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? ATheir endurance has done justice to them.BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute.

35、 CThey are the most representative honor.DHistory has never cast doubt on them.第五段1. As much as(尽管) some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.2. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.3. Second, it is surely a good thing that the mon

36、ey and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.4. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanismthat is the culture of research, after allbut it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please.5. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.Aacceptable despite the critic

37、ism35.The author believes that the new awards are. Aacceptable despite the criticismBharmful to the culture of researchC subject to undesirable changesD unworthy of public attention第九篇译文：The US 3-million Fundamental Physics Price isan interesting experiment, asAlexander Polyakov said when he accepte

38、d this years award in March.正如到 300.在今年三月接受今年的基础物理学奖的时候所说的那样，金的基础物理学奖的确是个有趣的尝试。（这一奖项的本质与奖有着天壤之别，后者只有当一项成果已经经历了彻底的测试和验证被认定为是性的进展，有时往往与最初的相隔几十年的光景。与此相反，基础物理学奖似乎以那些理论上的进步为目标，在这次获奖的 9 位科学家中，有 6 人都从事与弦理论有关的研究。）Yuri Milner投资人：、Whatsup、AirBnB、 Snapchat、Spotify 等以及阿里巴巴、京东、滴滴、小米和美团等公司。 And it is far from the

39、 only one of its type.1.far from being;China is far from being a world economy leader.中国远不是世界的者。同类型的奖项也远非这一个。As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.正如自然杂志上一篇专题文章所讨论的那样，近年来一系列金额丰厚的奖项加入到了奖的行列。Many, like t

40、he Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephones-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.像基础物理学奖一样，很多奖项的经费来自互联网企业家的账户。These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science

41、.这些出资人在他们所选领域获得了。他们想用他们的让人们去关注那些在科学上取得的人。Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.有什么不妥呢？就专题的少数科学家的话来讲，有很多。You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.俗话说，你买不来的

42、声望。，这些新兴的企业家没法给他们设立的奖项买来像奖那样The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.科学家们说，这些奖只不过是设立这些奖的人的自我炒作而已。这些奖是背后的企业家们为了自我宣传而设置的。They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.他们会扭曲以成果为基础，以评审为引导的体系。They could cement the status quo of p

43、eer-reviewed research.他们会使评审研究的现状不前。They do not fund peer-reviewed research.他们资助评审研究。They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.Perpetuate: 使长存；myth of the lone genius 个人天才的神话The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.A seem as scattered as BA 和B 一样，各不相同；A are as diversified a

44、s B和批评一样，奖项设立者的目标也不尽相同。Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.有的人是为了想世界，其他人是为了吸引从事科学研究，有些人想更好地回报那些以科学研究为事业的人。have made their careers in research. 以科研为事业的人He has made his career in teaching. 他以教书为事业。As Nature has point

45、ed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizeboth new and old are distributed.Legitimate：合理的，正当的，合法的；Legitimacy （，合理性）地位！就如自然杂志以往指出过的那样，科学奖项（无论新旧），其分配方式确有值得担心之处。The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sc

46、ience include.今年新设立的生命科学具备代表性的观点。奖在就生命科学包括哪些（内涵）这件事上采用了一种不But the Nobel Foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it

47、comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.A outgrow B ：A 使B 不适应 A 了B has been outgrown by A .但是，奖在设立时规定每个奖项最多有三名获奖者，而且每个人必须依然活着；这种理念早就不适应现代研究的大规模协作这一事实了。就如谈到玻色子的发现颁奖时，都会不可避免地争论谁被忽略了，这点也证明了现代研究的大规模协作这一事实。The collaborative nature of modern research will be demonstrated by the inevitable

48、row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.acknowledge:承认，表彰，颁奖，认可；The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.当然，奖本身就是一个富人处置的结果。Time, rather than intention, has given the

49、m legitimacy.时间，而不是初衷成就了奖的地位。As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.As much as= much asMuch as I hate to go, it's now or never.虽然我很讨厌去，但也就此一回了。虽然一些科学家对于这些新的奖项有这样那样的抱怨，但是有两个事实是清晰的。First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered o

50、ne.第一，如果颁奖，大多数获奖者都会接受奖金Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.第二，金钱和关注汇聚到科学领域而不是其他领域是件好事。It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism- that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers money to do with as they

51、 please.批评和质疑奖项机制无可厚非，毕竟这是研究的钱，别人怎么花都行吧！的一部分。但是这些钱是别人颁奖人It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.明智的做法是以感恩的心优雅地接受奖金。第八篇译文：In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific meth

52、od to carry out their work.在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者去观察和收集， 研究者们会用科学的方法来开展他们的研究工作。But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.但是在每天的科学实践中，发现通常遵循一条模糊且复杂的路径。We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life e

53、xperience.我们的目标是做到客观，但我们却无法逃离我们独特的人生体验这样一个环境。Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.之前的知识和会影响到我们的经历，影响到我们对于经历意义的思考，以及影响到我们采取的后续行动。Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.这里充满着，错误和

54、自我的可能性。Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.所以，发现的应该被作为科学的原型。Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.这些类似于新矿勘探的，都充满着可能性。But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.但是把发现的变成成发现需要集体的和接受。

55、This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, nowbecomes the commus anyone, anywhere, anytime.这个过程被称之为“取得信用的过程”，通过这一过程，一个单个研究者的我，此处，现在变成了这个社区中的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.客观的知识不应该是起点而是目标。Once a discovery claim becomes pu

56、blic, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.“这里的 public 到底是什么意思？真的需要本文来赋予其含义，还真不能靠我们字面理解。”一旦发现的变成“public”,这个发现者就获得了学术的认可。But, unlike with mining claims, the commutakes control of what happens next.但是和采矿不同的是，科学界会接管接下来发生的事情。Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers agatekeepers by controlling the publication process; otherscientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public （inclu