《跨文化交际》名词解释

1、..2.13.14.IntroductionGlobalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的 全球化 表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化 意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形

2、成。Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉: 不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。Microcultures: cultures within cultures微观文化： 文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinc

3、t enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际 : 指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。Chapter 1Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人 类群体的行为产生影响。Culture identity

4、 refers to one ' s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化 : 具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流

5、文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形 成的文化。Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亚群体 : 与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。Rules mayrefers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则: 社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。Norms are culturally ingra

6、ined principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which,if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种 显性或隐性的处罚。Chapter 2Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应： 人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。Acculturation ref

7、ers to an individual' s learning and adopting the norms and values ofthe new host culture.文化适应： 人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。分隔和隔离 separation and segregation refer to maintaining one' s original culture andnot participating in the new culture.在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。15. 融合 Integration takes pl

8、ace when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。16. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individ

9、uals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture. 人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。17. 边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one' s cultural identity andnot having any psychological contact with the larger society. 人们不仅失去自己原有的 文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了

10、心理联系。18. 文 化 震 荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。 Chapter 319. 信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate. 是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。20. 编码 encoding is the process of puttin

11、g an idea into a symbol. 是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。21. 信息 message is the resulting object. 是交流的内容，编码的结果。22. 渠道 channel 是信息传递的手段。23. 干扰 noise 指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。24. 解码 decoing 信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过程。25. 反馈 feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。26. 情境 context 交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。 Chapter 427. 人际交际 inte

12、rpersonal communication : a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。28. 内文化交际 intracul

13、tural communicationis defined as communication between and amongmembers of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。29. 国家间交际 internation communication 指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式 和仪式化。30. 跨民族交际 interthnic communication ： refers to communication between people of the same race

14、 ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。31. 跨种族交际 interracial communication: occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. 指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。32. 跨地区交际 interregional communication :ref

15、ers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。 Chapter 533. 世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature ofhumanityand nature. 指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。34. 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverenc

16、e for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe.对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。35. 个人主义 individualism : 个人利益胜于集体利益， 集体主义 collectivism ：个人融入集体。36. 对不确定因素的回避态度： uncertainty avoidancedeals with a society' s tolerance foruncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers

17、to man' s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。37. 权利距离 power distance ：组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的 程度。Chapter 638. 感觉 sensation ： is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent . 人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。39. 低语境 low context ：交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息 蕴含在隐性的环境和

18、情景中。40. 高语境 high versus ：在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，明显的语 码负载较少的信息量。Chapter 741. 焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。42. 假定一致性 ： (1) To assume

19、 people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation i

20、s more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.43. 定势 stereotypes ： refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。44. 偏见 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular g

21、roup,race,religion,or sexual orientation. 偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。45. 种族主义是基于种族 Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. 把性格特点或地位归因于 个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。46. 语言绝对论 ： Linguistic deterministis that language struct

22、ure controls thought andcultural norms. 语言结构控制思维和文化。47. 语言相对论 ： Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language. 文化由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。Chapter 848. 言语交际 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other

23、by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时 言语交际 就发生了。49. 禁忌语 ： Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people ，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。50. 委婉语 ： Euphemismmeans the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vagu

24、e term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive. 指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯 的言语。Chapter 1051. 非言语信号 ：（狭义） noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message . 运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。 （广义） refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue

25、of people' s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。52. 副语言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualitiesof the voice,whichinterrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的 语意表达 .53. 时间行为： Chronemics is the study of

26、how people perceive and use time.是指研究人们如何看待和使用时间。54. 时空行为： proxemics refers to theperception and use of space including territorialityand personal space. 指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。55. 目光语： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的交流信息。56. 气味行为 Olfactics ： The study o

27、f communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进行交流的研究。57. 触觉行为 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接触来进行交流。58. 身势语行为 Kinesics ： is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance

28、,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. 指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举 止。59. 色 彩 学 Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affectingpeople ' smood,emotions,and impression of others. 指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研 究。Chapter 1160. 礼节 Etiquette:refersto manner

29、s and behaviors considered acceptable in social andbusiness situation . 在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。 Chapter 1261. 良好的交际 Competent communication ： as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs. 指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报 的目标的有效交际。62. 跨文化能力 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate wa