托福听力中的信号词

1、信号词和分层是紧密联系的。首先，信号词往往是连接句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的一座桥梁。通过注意信号词， 可以有助于考生进行前后文的判断。而信号词可以分为以下几大类：第一大类是逻辑性信号词。如最常见的原因、对比、转折、并列等。对于原因，考生可以尤为注意because (of) ， so, the reason, why, sin ce, as, for等类型的词或词组，考生在听到这些信号词的时候一定要注意听后面的解释，通过现象或定义看到问题的本质和根源，这才是考核的关键所在。对于对比，考生除了注意比较级和最高级之外，还要多注意compare to ， differentfrom , ， un

2、like , ， (not) as , as等这些间接表达对比的词或词组，有助于在不 同食物中找到相同的联系点或者在相同相似的事物中找到不同点。对于转折， however, n evertheless, yet, still, though, an yhow, even so, in anycase, any way, after all, in spite of that, by the way等则是考生应该注意的信号词。即作者最终想要强调的点，是考官喜欢出考题的地方。考官总喜欢一开始先出现一长段迷惑 性的段落，分散考生的注意力，或者是先陈述一部分事实或者抛出一个问题，然后来一个转折性的连词

3、，提出真正的观点。因此这些转折词前后是考生必须要注意的地方。对于并歹U， first,second, third, for a start, for one thing, for another, to beginwith, next则是很好的信号词，提示了两句句子之间的平等并列关系。第二大类是解释说明类信号词。常见的有同义重述和举例。同义重述，常见的信号词有that is, namely, or rather, to be more exact, to put it another way , in other words, by definition等。而在托福听力中，我们经常会听到类似的

4、说法如"this is what wecall+专有名词”，或者"this is + 现象”。一般而言，这类专有名词属于某个特定的领域， 如医学、心理学，考生相对不太熟悉，因此这些信号词前面或后面的内容能让能够增加考生 对整体文章的把握和理解。而举例，常见的就是 for example, just as, for instanee,通过举一些常见或者比较容易理解的例子，去解释某样事物或某个现象，使得其更加生动形象，通俗易懂。第三大类也是考的相对较多的，就是数字、时间和人名地名这类信息题。不过要注意,不能光听数字和时间， 更多的是要注意数字或时间背后所对应的内容和发生的事件。

5、人名和地名也是一样，要注意该人物的特点或经历，该地点发生的事件。综上所述，这些信号词会直接或间接暗示文章的主旨或者作者的观点意图，因此考生可以开始逐渐培养起对这些信号词的敏感度，更加迅速准确地抓住把握文章的内涵，在听力中 努力拿高分。托福听力十大考点信号词通常来说，对于一个着手准备托福考生的学生要想把文章听得滴水不漏、字字俱清，通常需要1000个小时的精听练习量，如果我们按照学生可以每天听3小时计算，需要听多久呢？答案是1年。即便是每天听5小时，那也要200天， 何况真要是每天听个5小时，别的事情基本都不用做了，估计最后用不了几天广 大考生就口吐白沫、含笑九泉了。那么广大考生看到这里不禁会问：

6、啊？!那听不够1000小时岂不是还没去考 试就意味着我们注定没戏了 ？其实不然!大家应当知道，托福考试是个标准化考 试，文章的编纂者绝对不能由着自己的性子、随着自己的心情来编写或者换一班人马就换一种行文套路，上述情况不能出现。考试所听到的文章往往都是按照一 定标准或者规律来研发编写。既然是这样，也就有了先河教育托福名师为大家提 炼的托福听力十大考点信号词。一、开头处的常见信号词考点 Conversation :I was won deri ng/l was thinking/l was hop ing/l wan ted to/thereas on rm here等小强精讲需要大家注意的是，上

7、述的几个信号词中，考生若听到前面的四个请不要进 行时态对译，此处实际上表示的是一种委婉语气，近似于寡人以为”或小女子窃以为”听到后请直接理解为我现在想要如何即可。请看实例 (TPO 19 C1):听力原文Student:Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick. But, any way, what Iwan ted toask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know alittle bit about it, but I am not clear about it

8、s use in biology.考题再现1. Why does the man go to see the professor?A. To ask for help in choos ing a topic for his term paperB. To ask the professor to expla in how to complete an assig nmentC. To ask about a point raised in a recent lectureD. To offer to help the professor with her research project先河

9、教育托福名师原文中出现了 what I wan ted to ask was,考生应当知晓主旨即将给出，认真 听后面的内容就可以拿分，重点内容是but I am not clear about its use in biology.我们可以看到，抓住了信号词和后 面的重点内容，即便之前的部分内容听得不好，也不会影响将此题做对。此题答 案为C。 lecture请注意下面的三种情况：文章中教授的设问句；标准的lecture 主旨句型：today I am going to talk about 或者 today I am going to discuss; 开头处的第一个but请看实例(TPO 2

10、 L2):听力原文Today we'll continue talk ing aboutuseful fibers, and we'll beg in with a fiber that's commo nly known as "Ma nila hemp."考题再现1. What aspect of Man ila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in th e lecture?A. Similarities between cotton fibers and Manila hemp fi

11、bersB. Various types of Man ila hemp fibersC. The econo mic importa nee of Man ila hemp fibersD. A use of Manila hemp fibers先河教育托福名师考生听到Today we'll continue talking about 就应该意识到出题点到来，需 要用笔或者大脑记住其后重要的信息 useful fibers,与选项进行核心词比对即可 确认D为正确选项。二、人名等专有名词先河教育托福名师先河教育托福名师在此提醒考生两点需要注意：其一，并非每次听力考试中听到重要人名或者

12、地名后，屏幕上都会出现相应的黑板提示词”，所以平时备考的准备过程中，各位考生必须注意重要人名的读 音积累，尤其是那些影响巨大、故去已远的知名人物，比如苹果神话的缔造者乔 布斯，他名气够大，影响深远，可惜离我们还不够久远，所以托福是不可能将其 列入备考对象的。其二，考生仅仅听出了人名或者记下了人名，是不够应对托福听力考题的， 因为托福听力考题从来不会在题干描述一个事实，然后列出四个选项问你是谁做的。这种弱智的题目问法，只有在弱智的托福模考试题里才能找得到！假若我们听到人名或者看到人名提示词了， 该怎样听呢，这里先河教育托福 名师给大家一句口诀：人名 一一要听其生平背景，记其何德何能！所谓生平背景

13、， 是说文章这个人很牛；何德何能，是说这个人为啥就这么牛！、请看实例(TPO19 L4):听力原文A great example of that, that vision in portraiture, is Cecilia Beaux. Cecilia Be aux was born in 1854, and after lear ning to paint and study ing withseveral importa nt artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the bestportrait pain ters in t

14、he Un ited States. She was very successful. She eve n had portra its of the wife and childre n of Theodore Roosevelt, while he waspreside nt. So hedid not get much more prestigious than that. Yeahe really stood out back in the 1800s. And today, she is still con sidered one of the greatest p ortrait

15、pain ters of her time, male or female. In fact, she was thefirst full-time female in structor at the Penn sylva ni aAcademy of the Fi ne Arts,and she was a full member of the Nati onal Academy of Desig n. These are pretty importa nt in stituti ons, so, yeah, she defi nitely made headway for wome n a

16、rtists.考题再现2. What evide nee does the professor cite to illustrate Cecilia Beaux's reputati on as an artist? Click on 2 an swers.A. The in structors that she studied art withB. Her role in professional art organizationsC. Her connection with an important politician's familyD. The features of

17、 her work that the Impressio nists imitated先河教育托福名师相信各位考生在反思上述文段时可以看到，除了划横线部分的句子外，其余 的句子都是在介绍人物的生平背景，告诉你她是牛人，但是只有横线部分的句子告诉了你，她是如何达到大牛的地步的。所以，此题答案为BC。三、表示转折关系的词先河教育托福名师考生在听力、口语、阅读和写作的课上肯定学到过无数表示转折的词，多到无以计数，多到让大家高瞻仰望，不过小强在这里只给大家提炼四个重要的转折 词，它们是ETS出题所钟爱的，它们分别是：but, however, actually, in fact.请看实例(TPO16

18、L3):听力原文Now I would have thought the bigger the tree, the farther the beaver would be willing to travel for it. That would make sense, right? If you're going totravel far, make the trip worth it buy bringing back most wood possible. Butactually, the opposite is true. Beavers will cut dow n only

19、large trees that areclose to the water.They will travel far on ly to cut dow n certa in small treesthat they can cut dow n quickly and drag back home quickly.考题再现4. What does the professor say about the cutt ing dow n of large trees?A. Beavers gen erally prefer cutt ing dow n large trees to small tr

20、ees.B. Beavers gen erally do not travel I ong dista nces to cut dow n large trees.C. Beavers will not cut large trees of certa in species.D. Beavers use large trees mainly for the purpose of buildi ng shelters.先河教育托福名师横线前面的句子是教授的一种虚拟假设，然后利用横线部分的句子来自我推 翻，文章明确告诉了我们这种动物只喜欢在离水近的地方啃大树，去远处只喜欢啃小树。所以此题答案为B。

21、四、表示因果关系的词同样地，各位在各种书上和培训课程中见到过浩如烟海的表示因果关系的词 或者词组，但是小强老师这里依然为大家提炼这么几个ETS钟爱有加的考点词，它们是：because/because of /the reason is/ that's why/account for/so.请看实例(TPO2 L2):听力原文Now, why was that? Well, the main reas on was that steel cables degrade ver y, very quickly in con tact with salt water.If you've

22、 ever bee n to SanFran cisco, you know that the Golde n GateBridge is red. And it's red because of the zi nc paint that goes on those sta ini ess steel cables.考题再现4. Why does the professor men ti on the Golde n Gate Bridge?A. To dem on strate a disadva ntage of steel cablesB. To give an example

23、of the creative use of colorC. To show that steel cables are able to resist salt waterD. To give an example of a use of Man ila hemp先河教育托福名师文段中划线的句子是自问自答表因果，句意大体意为：steel cables 一和盐水接触便迅速腐蚀。题目问的是因果后面的内容，此部分内容是验证划线部分内 容的。据此，我们可以选出 A为正确答案。五、表示举例的词先河教育托福名师先河教育托福名师认为举例的词在考试中遇到最多的就是for example, for instan

24、ee, take, like,say这几个了。考生要讲例子的核心词记下来，并且要努力听出这个例子是为谁服务的，为什么要举这个例子，那么题目无论怎么考我们都不用害怕。请看实例(TPO2 C1):听力原文Student:Hmm . . . someth ing just came into my mind and went out the otherside.Professor:memory mana questi ons doctor withThat happe ns to me a lot, sove come up with a pretty good gement tool. I car

25、ry a little pad with me all the time and jot downI went to theor ideas that Imy daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we would n'tremember everyth ing we wan ted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list offivethings we wan ted an swers to.考题再现3. Why does the professor tell the man

26、 about the appo in tme nt at the doctor's office?A. To dem on strate a way of rememberi ng thi ngsB. To expla in why she n eeds to leave soonC. To illustrate a point that appears in his reportD. To emphasize the importa nee of good health先河教育托福名师学生说：我刚想说什么来着，我给忘了。”老师安慰学生说这个情况她也常有并且有个绝招可以克服遗忘，然后就

27、举了文中划横线处的那个例子，其目的必然是A选项。六、表示含义强调的词先河教育托福名师表示含义强调的词，这里给出以下几个：especially, again, really, only, distinctive.如前所述，各位考生在听到这些提示 词时，请集中精力听好其后所强调的具体内容。请看实例（TPO2 L3）:听力原文So how does all this relate to huma n happ in ess? Well, Aristotle asks: istheresomethi ng that all huma n beings value . and value only in

28、trin sically,for its own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find such a thing, thatwould be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for allhuma n bein gs. Aristotle thought the an swer was yes. What is it? Happ in ess.Every one will agree, he argues, that happ in es

29、s is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself.考题再现3.Why is happ in ess central to Aristotle's theory?A. Because it is so difficult for people to atta inB. Because it is valued for its own sake by all peopleC. Because it is a means to a productive lifeD. Because most pe

30、ople agree about what happ in ess is先河教育托福名师教授的自问自答往往都是出题的要点， 该文段内，教授多次使用了含义强调 词来修饰一个核心概念：for its own sake/for itself,利用此核心词来比对选项， 可以轻松得到B为正确选项。七、表示名词解释的词 先河教育托福名师托福听力模仿的是北美大学课堂教授讲课的情景，作为老师，讲课的成就感或快感来自于何处呢？必定是把一个复杂的东西或者奇葩的事情给学生深入浅出 地讲明白啦。托福听力考试中，经常有一些拗口的词汇出现在电脑屏幕上。据 小强老师观察，许多考生往往是忙着抄屏幕上的词写在笔记上，却忽略了最

31、重要的一点一一对名词的解释。托福听力中解释名词的常见信号词有：that is/which is/you know/in other words/by this defi niti on等等。请看实例(TPO2 L1):听力原文Wats on thought lary ngeal habits . you know, from lary nx, in otherwords,related to the voice box . . . he thought those habits were an expressi onof thi nking.考题再现2. Why does the profes

32、sor say this()A. To give an example of a lary ngeal habitB. To expla in the meaning of a termC. To explai n why he is discuss ing lary ngeal habitsD. To rem ind stude nts of a point he had discussed previously先河教育托福名师这是一道重听题。文段中的"laryngeal habits"就是出现在屏幕上的奇葩生 词，考生需留意后面是否有针对该名词的解释。我们可以听到，教授

33、接连使用了you know, in other words等词，由此我们可以确定，教授的确是对该术语进行 了替换性解释的。由此，我们可以得出B为正确答案。八、表示比较关系的词先河教育托福名师托福听力考试很强调对不同事物或者一个事物不同时期的新旧比较，所以比较级、最高级、同向比较(如similar to/resemble)、反向比较等(unlike/instead of) 等信号词考生要在考试中格外注意。请看实例(TPO6 L2):听力原文Now another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that it is itreprese nt

34、s er - -vary old type er kind tree that grew a hundred millionyears ago. Um, we found fossils that old that bear remarkable resembla nee to thetree. So, it's a primitive tree. Aa living fossil you might say.考题再现2. Accordi ng to the professor, what led scie ntists to characterize the Nightca p Oa

35、k as primitiveA. It has no evoluti onary connection to other trees grow ing in AustraliatodayB. It has an in efficie nt reproductive systemC. Its flower is located at the bases of the leavesD. It is similar to some ancient fossils先河教育托福名师该文段将古树和已经发现的化石进行了类比，不过采用类比的时候用了 resemblanee这个词汇，需要考生具备一定的词汇水平。

36、根据文章与选项的名词 比对，我们可以确定D为正确选项。此外，考生仔细观察可以发现，正确选项 把 resemblanee 替换为了 similar to。九、表示特殊语气的词先河教育托福名师如前所述，托福听力是模仿北美大学课堂或者校园真实情景的考试，录音员不可能不动声色地读完全部录音稿，所以人类普遍的情感，喜怒哀乐或者吃惊、 怀疑等都一应俱全。听力原文Librarian :But you can. All of the library's databases and electro nicsources can be accessed through any computer conn

37、ected to the uni versityn etwork.Stude nt: Really?! I ca n't believe I did n't kn ow that.考题再现5. Why does the woma n say this()A. She had forgotte n about the in formatio nB. She is surprised she was not aware of the informationC. She is anno yed that the in formatio n was published only rec

38、e ntlyD. She is concerned that the libraria n gave her in correct in formatio n先河教育托福名师此题为重听题，考察对话中出现的特殊语气和态度。从划线部分的录音可以听出，女生对图书管理员的提供的信息表示出乎意料、难以置信，所以答案为B<十、表示隐性并列的词先河教育托福名师小强在此希望广大考生格外注意隐形并列词also,对于广大考生而言，没人不认识这个词，可杯具的地方往往在于，这个词出现在文章的时候，绝大多数考 生都听而不理，因而错失考点，导致丢分。特别提醒各位考生，当这个词出现的 时候，有可能是双选题等待着各位的

39、。请看实例(TPO19 C2):听力原文Director:Why don't you visit our cafeteria's website? We list all our food suppliers. Yo u know, where we buy the food that we serve. And the site also suggests wa ys to make your overall diet a healthy one. You can also find somecharts listing fat and calorie content for

40、 differe nt types of seafood, meat andthe othermajor food groups.考题再现5. Accordi ng to the woma n, what in formatio n can be found on the cafeteria's Web site? Click on 2 an swersA. Requireme nts for food to be certified as orga nicB. In formati on on where the cafeteria food comes fromC. A list

41、of the food choices offered to stude nts for each mealD. The nutritional content of specific foods先河教育托福名师文段选自该对话的结尾，教授抛出了自己的建议，大体涉及到三方面的内容： 其一是有关食品供应商的信息；其二是健康饮食策略；其三是日常饮食热量值图 表。据此我们可以看到BD为正确答案。C意为食谱，和我们听到的第二点健康 饮食策略不是同一概念，故排除。先河教育托福名师为各位把托福听力中常见的考点信号词进行了简述，相信各位考生对相关知识有了一定程度的认知。先河教育托福名师提醒各位考生，这 十点内

42、容并不是彼此孤立或者总以单一形式出现在考试中的，也就是说你有可能在一个句群内或者听到的10秒左右的录音内它们会以套装组合的形式出现，这 对我们而言，是个好事情，因为这等于是告诉我们，不得不听、必定要考的内容 就在你的耳边！托福听力不 漏”点一信号词的引导作用托福听力除了要注意把握整体框架外，还要明确细节点的出题规律，就好比是一幅骨骼，上面渐渐丰满起来的血肉组成一个完整的躯体，不过，ETS在细节点的出题上还是有规律可循的，即：信号词的提示细节题的出现。因此，接下来略谈听力细节点的信号词。信号词分为以下几大类：专业名词定义、原因、举例、对比、强调、数字、人名地名、问答；1. 专业名词定义： by

43、definition, xxx is xxx ， “ this is what we call +专有名词” “ thisis + 现象 ”，etc.在托福听力中，我们经常会听到类似的说法如“ this is what we call +专有名词”或者“ thisis +现象” 一般来讲，此类专有名词是我们所不熟悉的，但是会用一种比较简单的方式表 达出来，或者更难的考法是用另一个专有名词来解释一个专有名词，那么考点非常明显了， 就是考察 what is the definition for+专业名词。尤其在生物学、天文、地理学等学科中，专业名词的定义可能不仅仅出现细节题的考点，有时候对整篇文章

44、的主旨把握也起了很大的作用。2. 原因： because （of） , so, the reason, why? since, as, for， etc.在professor解释某一个需要深入探讨的现象或定义时，尤其喜欢深究其根源。因此在听 力lecture里面经常会听到 because这样的词，有些时候甚至会professor自问自答，先抛出一个why，然后片刻后给出解释，because巴拉巴拉。考生们在听到这些信号词时一定要 注意听后面的解释，因为这里才出现透过现象看本质的环节 （同样，这句话的作用亦是如此）。3. 举例：for example, just as, for in sta n

45、ce,etc.为了向学生们解释某一个现象，或者一个新出现的概念，老师一般喜欢举常见的例子以 使概念更通俗易懂，比如在 TPO17， lecture4中谈到关于octopus如何变身躲避敌人，老 师为了让学生对章鱼的变身能力更有印象，举了Proteus （希腊神话中某个会变身的神）的例子，用神话中的人物与现实生活中的生物进行对比，是为了强调两者的相同点。需要注意的是，在举例子的考点中，大部分情况都是在重点突出一种常见的事物与一种少见的事物进 行相同点的联系。4. 对比：比较级，最高级，compare to , different from., unlike.etc.除了第三点中说到的不同事物间相同点的联系，还有一种出题