大学英语语法被动态

1、被动态被动态（一）（一）主主动动态态与与被被动动态态词词组组动动词词被被动动态态非非限限定定动动词词被被动动态态主动句变被动句的转换规则主动句变被动句的转换规则(以句型的方式）以句型的方式）1.SVO结构：*带否定情态助动词的转换 People mustnt leave bikes in the hall.= Bikes must not be left .2.SVoO结构：转换时可以直宾或间宾做主语，但直宾做主语比较常见。3.SVOC结构：一般规律。主动句变被动句的转换规则（以时态的方式）主动句变被动句的转换规则（以时态的方式）主动句主动句主词主词过去式动词过去式动词受词受词被动句被动句主词

2、主词was/ were+ p.p+by受词受词过去式主动句主动句主词主词Will+动词原型动词原型受词受词被动句被动句主词主词Will be+ p.p+by受词受词将来式主动句主动句主词主词Has/have + p.p受词受词被动句被动句主词主词Has/have been +p.p + by受词受词现在完成式关于by有时为了避免中途变更主语，不得不用被动句而把施动者置于有时为了避免中途变更主语，不得不用被动句而把施动者置于by-词组中。词组中。He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.如前所述，当主动句变为被动句时，有时用如前所述，

3、当主动句变为被动句时，有时用by-by-词组，有时不用，这是词组，有时不用，这是有多种因素决定的。有多种因素决定的。 一般说来，当一般说来，当施动者为谁不太清楚、不甚重要或施动者为谁不太清楚、不甚重要或不愿说出来时，通常不用不愿说出来时，通常不用by-by-词组词组但有时为了强调施动者，则须用但有时为了强调施动者，则须用by-by-词组。词组。Hamlet was written by Shakespeare有时，由于主语太长，不得不用被动句而把施有时，由于主语太长，不得不用被动句而把施动者置于动者置于by-by-词组中。词组中。The picture was painted by a ver

4、y good friendof mine whom Id like you to meet sometime.主动句和被动句相互转换的限制性主动句和被动句相互转换的限制性宾语的限定1、当宾语是反身代词、相互代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时。 Each should help the other. 2、当宾语前有指主语的属格代词（形容词性物主代词）时。 The little boy washes his face every morning. 3、当宾语是同源宾语时。 She smiled a sweet smile. 4、当宾语是动名词或动词不定式时。 Many students enjoy p

5、laying football. 5、当宾语表示地点或处所时。 The brave man swam the wide river. 6、宾语为不表示实意的不定代词时We will battle it together动词的限制动词的限制1、表示状态的及物动词become， fail(缺少)， hold(容纳)， have(有)， lack(缺少)， last(持久、够.用)， posses(拥有)， resemble (类似)，suit ， want，lack 2、有一些词具有原词义以外的新意思时 (1).实义动词have表示“知道、明白、患病、吃饭等意思时不能用被动。 He has no

6、French.（2）cost表示“牺牲”、owe表示“欠、应付给” take表示“懂得、知道” get His careless driving cost him his life . 3、及物动词和其宾语构成了一个不可分割的短语时 He went to cinema to kill time with some of his friends. 词组动词的被动态词组动词的被动态1.1.一般词组动词的被动态一般词组动词的被动态 “动词+介词” “动词+副词小品词” “动词+副词小品词+介词” 三种形式2.“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词”的被动态的被动态把整个词组动词当作一个及物动词处理 He t

7、ook great care of his books. 主 动 宾 His books were taken great care of. 主 动把词组动词看作把词组动词看作“动词动词+ +宾语宾语+ +介词词组介词词组”结构处理结构处理 He took great care of his books. 主 动 宾 Great care was taken of his books. 主 动 采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词 组放到被动态动词的后面去组放到被动态动词的后面去。They had made a mess of the house.1.The house

8、 had been made a mess of.2.A mess had been made of the house.并不是所有此类动词都有两种变化方式并不是所有此类动词都有两种变化方式Mary realized that they were making fun of her.Mary realized that she was being made fun of.We must put an end to this state of things as soon as possible.This state of things must been put an end as soon

9、as possible.非限定动词的被动态非限定动词的被动态不定式的被动态不定式的被动态 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时1.*get- 型被动态 It was nasty for Mary to get hurt.2.在有些场合，即可用不定式的主动态，也也用不定式的被动态There is so much work to do/ to be done.3.有时在there + be结构 不定式用主动态和被动态是不同的There was nothing to see. 没什么可看的There was nothing to be seen. 要看的东西不在这里4.在以下场合，