Lecture 9 Note-taking and Summary（课堂PPT）

1、1Lecture 9 Note-taking and Summary2Why taking-note is important?oWhen you are reading or listening, taking notes helps you concentrate. In order to take notes - to write something sensible - you must understand the text. As listening and reading are interactive tasks, taking notes help you make sens

2、e of the text. Taking notes does not mean writing down every word you hear; you need to actively decide what is important and how is related to what you have already written.oNotes help you to maintain a permanent record of what you have read or listened to. This is useful when revising in the futur

3、e for examinations or other reasons.3oGood notes should be accurate, clear and concise. They should show the organization of the text, and this should show the relationship between the ideas. 4WHAT notes should you take, based on your reading?oBig ideas: what main ideas are reflected in the introduc

4、tion, conclusion, abstract, and section titles? Be sure to record all relevant details of the big ideas in the text as you read the entire piece.5WHAT notes should you take, based on your reading?oFollow visual cues: main ideas will often be bolded, italicized, bulleted（加点符）, set in different font（字

5、体） sizes, color, and/or spacing. Additionally, illustrations, figures, tables, charts, diagrams, and the corresponding captions（标题） elaborate on key ideas. Use these to determine the significance of concepts, and to take notes accordingly.6WHAT notes should you take, based on your reading?oWhats rep

6、eated: concepts, formulas, facts, and processes mentioned more than once in the piece are likely significant.7How to take notesoWhen youre reading, first survey the text to find the main points and how they are related. Then read for the subsidiary（附属的） points; see how they are related to the main p

7、oints and to each other. Then, reduce the points to notes. Make sure links and relationships between the ideas are shown. 8ParaphraseoParaphrasing instead of writing verbatim（逐字逐句） - writing in your own words, except for formulas, definitions, and specific facts (i.e. involving dates), which should

8、be recorded exactly as in the text.9Paraphrase oA restatement of a text in another form or other words, often to simplify or clarify meaning.oWhen you paraphrase, you retain everything about the original writing but the words.10Paraphrase o最重要的一种英文技能 o用不同的句子表达相同的东西 o换种方式去表达相同内容的能力也是到国外大学写论文时候必须具备的基本

9、技能 11Paraphrase的方法o1.使用同义词： oIt is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. oparaphrase: It is useful to observe several features of how a mother acts when she is with her small child. 12Paraphrase的方法o2. 句子关系替换：oSimilarly, the muscles will not grow in length

10、unless they are attached to tendons(腱) and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched. oparaphrase: Likewise, if the muscles are not attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched, they will not grow in length. 13Paraphrase的方法o3. 转变词性：oThe bomb exploded

11、and caused many casualties.oparaphrase: The explosion caused many casualties. 14Paraphrase的方法o4. 改变语态o We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too oparaphrase: A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too. 15Paraphrase的方法o5. 综合oIt has long been known that Cairo

12、is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month. oparaphrase: Although Cairo has been the worlds most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago. 16Note-taking 的方法o1. ListoThe topic is summarized o

13、ne point after another, using numbers and letters and indentation（缩进） to organize information in order of importance. The numbers and letters can be used by themselves or in combination.17oI, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X,oA, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I,o1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8,9,10,o(i), (ii), (iii

14、), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x),oa, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i,o using decimals: 1.1, 1.2, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 18o2. DiagramoA diagram of the information shows how the main ideas are related and reflects the organization of the information. You can use flow charts, tree diagram

15、s, diagrams, mind maps etc. You can also include circles, arrows, lines, boxes, etc.1920212223 Reading Task 4: Note-taking from the text Table 1: Influences of natureInfluences of nurtureGenetic structure of fertilized ovum determines sex of fetus, color of hair, general body size, etc.Abnormal uter

16、ine environment can affect maturation process, e.g. if mother contracts German measles.Development (maturation) process genetically programmedTalking to babies encourage them to make speech-like sounds earlier.Almost all children go through the same stages of learning motor behaviors.Infants learn t

17、o walk earlier if given steeping practice.24Summary oA summary is a shortened version of a text. oIt contains the main points in the text and is written in your own words. oIt is a mixture of reducing a long text to a short text and selecting relevant information. oA good summary shows that you have

18、 understood the text. 25Example oSource: The amphibia, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth.oSummary: The first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.26useful stages : oRead and und

19、erstand the text carefully.oThink about the purpose of the text.nAsk what the authors purpose is in writing the text?nWhat is your purpose in writing your summary?nAre you summarizing to support your points?oSelect the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.oFind the main ideas - what is

20、 important.nThey may be found in topic sentences.nDistinguish between main and subsidiary information.nDelete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.nFind alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialized vocabula

21、ry and common words.27oChange the structure of the text.nIdentify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalization, contrast. Express these relationships in a different way.nChange the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences, change nouns to verbs, adj

22、ectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.nSimplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.oRewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing. Use

23、conjunctions and adverbs such as therefore, however, although, since, to show the connections between the ideas.oCheck your work.nMake sure your purpose is clear.nMake sure the meaning is the same.nMake sure the style is your own.28o Distinguish between main and subsidiary information. Delete most d

24、etails and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc. Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words. 29Exercises:oPeople whose professional activity lies in the field of politics are not, on

25、 the whole, conspicuous for (因而使人注意) their respect for factual accuracy(事实的准确性). oAnswer: Politicians often lie. 30Exercises:oFailure to assimilate（吸收，同化） an adequate quantity of solid food over an extended period of time is absolutely certain to lead, in due course, to a fatal（致命的） conclusion. oAns

26、wer: If you do not eat, you die. 31Exercises:oThe climatic conditions prevailing（盛行） in the British Isles（不列颠群岛）show a pattern of alternating and unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of temperature changes. oAnswer: British weather is changeable. 32Exercises:oIt is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of English experience a number of problems in attempting to master the phonetic（语音的） patterns of the language. oAnswer: Many learners find English pronunciation difficult. 33Exercises:oT