电子科技大学研究生历年学位英语考试试题及答案汇编(九)

1、2002年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题：PartII.Vocabulary(10minutes,10points)SectionA(0.5pointeach)16. Manywomenprefertousecosmeticstoenhancetheirbeautyandmakethemlookyounger.ArevealBunderlineCimproveDintegrate17. Whatplayersandcoachesfearmostisthepartialityonthepartofrefereesinagame.AjusticeBbiasCparticipationDregiona

2、lism18. Thesalehasbeenonforalongtimebecausethepriceisreckonedtobetoohigh.AconsideredBstipulatedCraisedDstimulated19. Smugglerstryeverymeanstolayhandsonunearthedrelicsfortheirpersonalgains.AsetfootonBlosttheirhearttoCsettheirmindonDgetholdof20. Theremusthavebeenroundaboutathousandpeopleparticipatingi

3、ntheforum.AapproximatelyBexactlyClessthanDmorethan21. Theseoldandshabbyhouseswillbedemolishedfortheconstructionofresidentialbuildings.ApulledoutBpulledinCpulleddownDpulledup22. Readersarerequiredtocomplywiththerulesofthelibraryandmindtheirmanners.AobserveBmemorizeCcommentDrequest23. Artificialintell

4、igencedealspartlywiththeanalogybetweenthecomputerandthehumanbrain.AlikenessBrelationCcontradictionDdifference24. Itisoftenthecasethatsomesuperficiallyunrelatedeventsturnouttobelinkedinsomeaspects.ApracticallyBwonderfullyCbeneficiallyDseemingly25. Theallegedall-powermasterofchikongwasarrestedonacharg

5、eoffraud.Aso-calledBwell-knownCesteemedDundoubted26. ItishopedthatporkcanbemadeleanerbyintroducingacowgeneintothepigAreservoirBwarehouseCpoolDstorehouse27. Thechairmansaidthathewaspreparedtotheyoungerpeopleinthedecisionmaking.AputupwithBmakewayforCshedlightonDtakechargeof28. TomisangryatLindabecause

6、shehimallthetime.Asets.upBputsdownCruns-outDdrops-in29. Theabilitytofocusattentiononimportantthingsisacharacteristicofintelligence.AdefiningBdecliningCdefeatingDdeceiving30. Ourpicnichavingbeenbythethunderstorm,wehadtowaitinthepavilionuntilitclearedup.AdestroyedBunderminedCspoiltDcontaminated31. Iwa

7、sdisappointedtoseethatthosepeopleIhadsortofwereprettyordinary.AdespisedBresentedCworshippedDridiculed.32. Oneofthemainpurposesofusingslangistoconsolidateone'swithagroup.AspecificationBunificationCnotificationDidentification33. Thefromunderdevelopedcountriesmaywellincreaseinresponsetothesoaringde

8、mandforhigh-techprofessionalsindevelopednations.AbraindamageBbraintrustCbrainfeverDbraindrain34. Thismattersettled,wedecidedtotothenextitemontheagenda.AsucceedBexceedCproceedDprecede35. Listeningisasimportantastalking.Ifyouareagoodlistener,peopleoftenyouforbeingagoodconversationalist.AcomplementBcom

9、plimentCcompelDcomplainPartIII.ClozeTest(10minutes,15points,1pointeach)MostAmericanmagazinesandnewspapersreserve60percentoftheirpagesforads.TheNewYorkTimesSundayedition36maycontain350pagesofadvertisements.Someradiostationsdevote40minutesofeveryhourto37Thenthereistelevision.Accordingtooneestimate,Ame

10、ricanyoungsterssit38threehoursoftelevisioncommercialseachweek.Bythetimetheygraduatefromhighschool,theywillhavebeen39_360,000TVads.Televisionsadvertiseinairport,hospitalwaitingrooms,andschools.Majorsporting40arenowmajoradvertisingevents.Racingcarsserveashigh-speed41.someathletesreceivemostoftheirmone

11、yfromadvertisers.One42basketballplayerearned$3.9millionbyplayingball.Advertiserspaidhimninetimesthatmuchto43theirproducts.Thereisnoescape.Commercialadsaredisplayedonwalls,busesandtrucks.Theydecoratetheinsideoftaxisandsubways-eventhedoorsofpublictoilets.44messagescalltousinsupermarkets,stores,elevato

12、rsand45_weareonholdonthetelephone.Insomecountriessomuchadvertisingcomesthroughthemailthatmanyrecipientsproceeddirectlyfromthemailboxtothenearestwastebasketto46thejunkmail.47Insiders'Report,publishedbyMcCann-Erickson,aglobaladvertisingagency,theestimated48ofmoneyspentonadvertisingworldwidein1990w

13、as$275.5billion.Sincethen,thefigureshave49to$411.6billionfor1997andaprojected$434.4billionfor1998.Bigmoney.Whatistheeffectofallofthis?Oneanalyst50itthisway:"Advertisingisoneofthemostpowerfulsocializingforcesintheculture.Adssellmorethanproducts.Theysellimages,values,goals,conceptsofwhoweareandwh

14、oweshouldbe.Theyshapeourattitudesandourattitudesshapeourbehaviour.36. AlonelyBaloneCsinglyDindividually37. AcommerceBconsumersCcommercialsDcommodities38. A through39. A taken to40. A incidentsBupCinDaboutBspentinCexpectedofDexposedtoBaffairsCeventsDprograms41. AflashesBbillboardsCattractionsDmessage

15、s.42. Atop-heavyBtop-talentedCtop-secretDtop-ranking43. A improve44. A Audio45. A sinceBpromoteCurgeDupdateBStudioCOralDVideoBwhileCevenDif46. AtossoutBlaydownCblowoutDbreakdown47. AItissaidthatBApartfromCAccordingtoDIncludingin48. AdigitBamountCaccountDbudget49. AraisedBelevatedCroaredDsoared50. As

16、aidBrecordedCtoldDputPassageOneFordecades,arms-controltalkscenteredonnuclearweapons.Thisishardlysurprising,sinceasinglenuclearbombcandestroyanentirecity.Yet,unlikesmallerarms,theseimmenselypowerfulweaponshavenotbeenusedinwarinover50years.HistorianJohnKeeganwrites,“Nuclearweaponshave,sinceAugust9,194

17、5,killednoone.The50,000,000whohavediedinwarsincethatdatehaveforthemostpart,beenkilledbycheap,mass-producedweaponsandsmallammunitions,costinglittlemorethanthetransistorradioswhichhavefloodedtheworldinthesameperiod.Becausesmallweaponshavedisruptedlifeverylittleintheadvancedworld,outsidetherestrictedlo

18、calitieswheredrug-dealingandpoliticalterrorismflourish,thepopulationsoftherichstateshavebeenslowtorecognizethehorrorthatthispollutionhasbroughtinitstrain.”Whyhavesmallarmsbecometheweaponsofchoiceinrecentwars?Partofthereasonliesintherelationshipbetweenconflictandpoverty.Mostofthewarsfoughtduringthe19

19、90stookplaceincountriesthatarepoor-toopoortobuysophisticatedweaponsystems.SmallarmsandlightweaponsareabargainForexample,50milliondollars,whichisapproximatelythecostofasinglemodernjetfighter,canequipanarmywith200,000assaultrifles.Anotherreasonwhysmallweaponsaresopopularisthattheyarelethal.Asinglerapi

20、d-fireassaultriflecanfirehundredsofroundsaminute.Theyarealsoeasytouseandmaintain.Achildoftencanbetaughttostripandreassembleatypicalassaultrifle.Achildcanalsoquicklylearntoaimandfirethatrifleintoacrowdofpeople.Theglobaltrafficingunsiscomplex.Theillegaltradeofsmallarmsisbig.InsomeAfricanwars,paramilit

21、arygroupshaveboughtbillionsofdollarsworthofsmallarmsandlightweapons,notwithmoney,butwithdiamondsseizedfromdiamond-miningareas.Weaponsarealsolinkedtotheillegaltradeindrugs.Itisnotunusualforcriminalorganizationstousethesameroutestosmuggledrugsinonedirectionandtosmugglegunsintheother.51. Itisimpliedint

22、hepassagethatAsmallarms-controlismoreimportantthannucleararms-control.Bthenucleararms-controltalkscanneverreachanagreement.Cthepowerofnuclearweaponstokillpeoplehasbeendiminished.Dnuclearweaponswerethetopicofarms-controltalks50yearsago.52. TheadvancedworldneglecttheproblemsofsmallarmsbecauseATheyhave

23、todealwithdrug-dealingandpoliticalterrorism.BTheyhavenosuchproblemsasarecausedbysmallweapons.CTheyhavenotrecognizedtheseriousnessoftheproblemsintime.DTheyfaceothermoreimportantproblemssuchaspollution.53. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthereasonfortheprevalenceofsmallarms?ASmallarmsarecheap.BSmal

24、larmsarepowerful.CSmallarmsareeasiertouse.DSmallarmsareeasiertoget54. WecanconcludefromthepassagethatAsmallarmsarenotexpensiveintheblack-market.Bitisunfairtoexchangesmallarmsfordiamond.CCriminalsusethesamepassagetosmuggledrugsandsmallarms.Dwheretherearedrugs,therearesmallarms.55. Thebesttitleforthis

25、passageisASmallArmsTalks,NotNuclearArmsTalks.BNeglectofSmallArmsControlCGlobalTrafficinSmallArmsDSmallArms,BigProblems.PassageTwoInordertocombatsickness,manydoctorsrelyheavilyonprescribingmedicinesthataredevelopedandaggressivelyadvertisedbypharmaceuticalcompanies.Significantly,theworldmarketforsuchd

26、rugshasskyrocketedinrecentdecades,fromjustafewbilliondollarsayeartohundredsofbillionsofdollarsannually.Whathadbeenaconsequence?Medicallyprescribeddrugshavehelpedmanypeople.Yet,thehealthofsomewhotakedrugshaseitherremainedunchangedorbecomeworseS.o,recentlysomehaveturnedtousingothermethodsofmedicaltrea

27、tment.Inplaceswheremodern,conventionalmedicinehasbeenthestandardofcare,manyarenowturningtowhathavebeencalledalternative,orcomplementary,therapies“.TheBerlinWallthathaslongdividedalternativetherapiesfrommainstreammedicineappearstobecrumbling,”saidConsumerReportsofMay2000.TheJournaloftheAmericanMedica

28、lAssociation(JAMA)observed,“Alternativemedicaltherapiessuchastheuseofherbs,functionallydefinedasinterventionsneithertaughtwidelyinmedicalschoolsnorgenerallyavailableinU.S.hospitals,haveattractedincreasednationalattentionfromthemedia,themedicalcommunity,governmentalagencies,andthepublic.Inthepast,con

29、ventionalmedicalpractitionershavebeenskepticalaboutalternativemedicalpractices,but75medicalschoolsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyofferelectivecourseworkonalternativemedicine,includingHarvard,Stanford,UniversityofArizona,andYale.JAMAnoted,“Nowanestimated3in5individualseeingamedicaldoctorforaprincipalcondi

30、tionalsousedanalternativetherapy._AndoutsidetheUnitedStates,alternativemedicineispopularthroughouttheindustrializedworld.”Thetrendtowardintegratingalternativetherapieswithconventionaloneshaslongbeenageneralpracticeinmanycountries.AsJAMAconcluded,“Therearenolongertwotypesofmedicine,conventionalandcom

31、plementary.Thereisonlygoodmedicineandbadmedicine.”56. ThispassagesuggeststhatpharmaceuticalcompaniesApaydoctorsforprescribingtheirdrugs.Bhaveraisedthepricesoftheirproductssharplyinrecentyears.Cspendmoremoneyontheiradvertisementsthanontheirproducts.Dhaveproducedsomeineffectivedrugs.57. Thesentence“Th

32、eBerlinWall.Appearstobecrumbling“inthethirdparagraphimpliAtherestrictionsonthepracticeofalternativetherapieswillbeabolished.Btherearestillstrictrestrictionsonthepracticeofalternativedrugs.Cconventionalmedicineandalternativetherapiesareincomparable.Dconventionalmedicineandalternativetherapiesarecompl

33、etelydifferentremedies.58. Accordingtothepassage,alternativetherapiesAarewidelytaughtintheU.S.medicalschoolsnow.BhavebeenapprovedbyU.S.government.ChavebeenusedbymanyAmericanpatients.Dareaspopularasconventionalmedicine.59. JAMAseemstosuggestthatAU.S.governmentshouldmeettheincreasingdemandsforalternat

34、ivetherapies.Bamedicineisgoodafteritprovestobebeneficialtothepatients.Cpharmaceuticalcompaniesshouldcoverthecostofalternativetherapies.Dconventionalmedicineandalternativemedicineshouldjoinhands.60. Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.Aweshouldtakeaslittlewesternmedicineaspossible.Bthepricesoftheprescribedme

35、dicineshouldbereduced.CherbalmedicinewillbeacceptedbymoreAmericans.Dwithoutthehelpofalternativemedicine,goodhealthcannotbeguaranteed.PassageThreeOurMilkyWaygalaxycouldcontainupto1billionEarth-likeplanetscapableofsupportinglife,scientistsannouncedlastweek.Thetheoreticalabundanceofhabitableworldsamong

36、theestimated200billionstarsofourhomegalaxysuggeststhatmorepowerfultelescopesmightglimpsethefaintsignatureoffar-offplanet,provingthat,insizeandtemperatureatleast,wearenotaloneintheuniverse.SolarsystemssuchasEarth's,inwhichplanetsorbitastar,havebeendiscovered.Astronomershaveidentifiedalmost100plan

37、etsinorbitaroundothersuns.Allareenormous,andofthesamegaseousmake-upasJupiter.BarrieJonesoftheOpenUniversityinUKandhiscolleagueNickSleephaveworkedouthowtopredictwhichofthenewlydiscoveredsolarsystemsislikelytoharborEarth-likeplanets.Usingacomputer,theyhavecreatedmathematicalmodelsofplanetarysystemsand

38、seededthemwithhypotheticalEarthsin“Goldilockszone“orbits,whereitisneithertoohottoocoldtosupplife.ThecomputersimulateswhichofthesemodelEarthsislikelytobekickedoutofitstemperatureorbitbygravitationaleffectsofthemonsterplanets,andwhichislikelytosurvive.Thesolarsystemmostlikeoursdiscoveredsofaris51light

39、yearsaway,atthestar47UrsaeMajoris,nearthegroupofstarsknownastheGreatBear.Astronomershavediscoveredtwoplanetsorbiting47UrsaeMajorisOneistwoandhalftimesthesizeofJupiter,theotherslightlysmaller.BothplanetsarerelativelyclosetotheGoldilockszone,whichisfurtheroutthanoursbecause47UrsaeMajorisisolder,hotter

40、andbrighterthanthesun.“ItcerstainlyasystemworthexploringforanEarth-likeplanetandforlife,s”aidJones.Therequirementforalife-supportingzoneinanysolarsystemisthatwatershouldbeabletoexistinaliquidstate.NASAanditsEuropeancounterpart,ESA,plantolaunchinstrumentsinthenext10yearswhichcouldproducepicturesofEar

41、th-sizedplanets.61. ItissuggestedinthispassagethatAscientistshavefoundevidencetoprovetherearemanyEarth-likeplanetsinourgalaxy.BTheoreticallythereareagreatnumberofEarth-likeplanetscapableofsupportinglife.CourEarthistheonlyplanetinourgalaxythatcansupportlife.Dwithmorepowerfultelescope,scientistswillbe

42、abletofindmoregalaxiesintheuniverse62.The“Godilockszone”mentionedthinptahreag5raphmostprobablymeansAacertainfixeddistancebetweenaplanetandsun.Barangeintheuniverseinwhichtheplanetstemperatureissuitableforlife.Carangeintheuniverseinwhichtheplanetscanreceiveenoughsunlight.Damathematicalmodeltomeasureth

43、esizeoftheplanetarysystem.63. BarrieJonesandNickSleephavefoundA100planetsorbitingaroundotherstarslikeoursun.BmanyplanetsatmospherehasthesamecompositionasJupiter.CthewaystotellwhichsolarsystemmayhaveEarth-likeplanets.Damathematicalmodeltomeasurethedistanceofnewlyfoundsolar-systems.64. Sofar,thesolars

44、ystemmostlikeoursthathasbeendiscoveredisAinthegroupofstarsknownasGreatBear.B2.5timesasbigasJupiter.Csmallerthanoursystem.Dimpossibleforustoreachatpresenttime.65. Themostimportantrequirementtohavealife-supportingzoneinanysolarsystemisthatitmusthaveAenoughwaterandpropertemperature.Benoughoxygenandhydr

45、ogen.Cenoughairandsunlight.Denoughwaterinanystate.PassageFourHavingabandonedhiscallforhighergasolineprices,ViePresidentAlGorehasanotherideatogetpeopleoutoftheircars:Spendbillionsonmasstransit$25billiontobeexact.Lastweek,Goreunveiledhis“KeepAmericaMoving”initiative,whichwillspend$25billiononupgrading

46、andimprovingmass-transitsystemsnationwide.AccordingtoGoresself-proclaimed“newwayofthinkin,gallth”atsnecessarytoreducetrafficcongestionistopeopleachoice.”Thefederalgovernmenthasbeentryingto“givepeopleachoice”fordecadestolittleeffect.Portionsofthefederalgasolinetaxhavealreadybeenusedtosupporturbanbusa

47、ndrailsystems.Despiteyearsofsubsidies,fewurban-transitsystemsrunintheblack.Theydondtomuchtoreducecongestioneither.Nomatterhowmuchthetax-payerspaidfortheplannedtransitsystems.Americansprefertheautonomyofferedbytheirautomobiles.ThevicepresidentpraisedthePortlandlight-railsystemasanexampleofhowgoodmass

48、transitcanbe.YetPortlandsexperienceismorecautionarytalethanexemplarymodel.ResearchbytheCascadePolicyInstitutedemonstratesthatPortlandsMetro-mhailsliobne-ednolalarmmulitsitake.AccordingtoMetrosownfigures,the-rlaigilhstystemisdoinglittletoreducecongestion,asmostofitsridersusedtoridethebus.Thoseriderst

49、hatdocomeofftheroads,comeatanincredibleprice:$62perroundtrip.Roadimprovementsandexpansionwoulddofarmoretoreducecongestionatafractionofthecost,buttheywouldntattractthesamevolumeoffederalfunds.66. Accordingtotheauthor,themass-transitsystemsAarecharacterizedbylowconsumptionofgasoline.Bhavecontributedli

50、ttletotheimprovementofthetraffic.Caimatmonitoringthepublictraffic.Darefinanciallyprofitable.67. Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthefederalgovernment?AIthasrecentlybeguntoaddresstheproblemoftrafficcongestion.BItfailstoprovideenoughfundstohelpreducetrafficcongestion.CItsattempttoreducetrafficcongestionissucc

51、essfulbutcostly.DIthasnotdonemuchtoreducecongestionbyimprovingroads.68. WhatissaidaboutAmericansattitudetowardthetransitsystems?ATheyarereluctanttopaytaxestosupportthetransitsystems.BTheythinkdrivingtheirowncarsismoreconvenient.CTheypreferthepoliciesofimprovingandexpandingroads.DTheythinkthereshould

52、bemorechoicesintransportation.69. Inthethirdparagraph,theunderlinedexpression“cautionarytale”mostprobablymeansAanincrediblestoryBanuntruestoryCastorygivingawarningDastoryteachingamorallesson70. Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorprobablyagreeto?AInspiteoffederalfunds,mosturban-transitsystems

53、havefinancialproblems.BTheAmericanpublicshouldbecomemoreawareoftheneedtoreducetrafficcongestion.CTheattempttoexpandroadswouldbeascostlyastheonetobuildalight-railsystem.DThefederalgasolinetaxshouldberaisedtosupporturban-transitsystem.PassageFiveInalloftheindustrialcountriesandmanylessdevelopedcountri

54、es,adebatealongthelinesofgovernmentvs.businessprevails.Thisstrugglehasgoneonforsolongandissopervasive,thatmanywhoparticipateinithavecometothinkofthesetwosocialinstitutionsasnaturalandpermanentenemies,eachstrivingtoopposetheother.Viewingthestruggleinthatformatdiminishesthechanceofattainingmoreharmoni

55、ousrelationsbetweengovernmentandbusiness.Moreover,ifthesetwoareseenasnaturalanddeadlyenemies,thenbusinesshasnolong-rangefuture.Itisself-evidentthatgovernment,astheonlysocialinstrumentthatcanlegallyenforceitswillbyphysicalcontrol,mustwinanystrugglethatisreducedtonakedpower.Amorerealistic,andmostconst

56、ructive,approachtotheconflictbetweenbusinessandgovernmentstartsbynoticingthemanywaysinwhichtheyaredependentoneachother.Businesscannotexistwithoutsocialorder.Businesscananddoesgenerateitsownorder,itsownregularitiesofprocedureandbehaviour;butatbottomtheserestuponmorefundamentalpatternsoforderwhichcanb

57、emaintainedandevolvedbythepoliticalstate.Thedependenceofgovernmentonbusinessislessabsolute.Governmentscanabsorbdirectresponsibilityfororganizingeconomicfunctions.Inmanycases,ancientandmodern,government-runeconomicactivitiesseemtohaveoperatedatalevelofefficiencynotmarkedlyinferiortocomparableworkorga

58、nizedbybusiness.Ifsocietyssolepurposeachieveabaresurvivalforitsmembers,therecanbenosubstantialobjectiontogovernmentalabsorptionofeconomicarrangements.71. Manypeoplethinkgovernmentandbusinessare“enemies"becauseAthestrugglebetweenthetwopartieshasalwaysexisted.Btheybasedtheirbeliefontheexperienceoftheindustrialcountries.Ctheybelievethatgovernmentcandobetterthanbusinessineconomicactivities.Dthestrugglebetweenthetwopartiesissofiercethatneitherwillsurviveintheend.72.ThethirdparagraphmainlydiscussesAh