外文文献工程管理造价

1、Construction project cost management system of the United States of AmericaConstruction industry is the second big industry, about 8% of U.S. gross domestic product. In the past two years, the construction market of the total investment of up to $six hundred billion every year, the United States for

2、 the construction of the project is divided into the government investment and private investment projects, for government investment projects, the United States takes a whoever investment management pattern, namely, direct investment by the government department management to private management pro

3、ject, the government does not intervene, but the engineering technical standards, safety and social impact on the environment and social benefit by laws, regulations and technical standards to guide or limit.the characteristics of the construction project engineering cost management in The United St

4、ates.First, combined with the project quality and time limit for a project management costEngineering management system, in the United States did not take cost and time limit for a project, quality to separate separate management, but use them as a system for comprehensive management. The idea is to

5、:1. Any project must meet the quality standards under the premise of reasonably determine the construction period;2. As a bait engineering must have engineering quality standard, and then talk about the cost of reasonable;3. The project must be strictly according to plan time to perform, could not b

6、reak through a predetermined cost.Second, the pursuit of whole life cycle cost minimum .In the United States, after calculate the project cost, generally need to calculate the maintenance cost after the project put into operation, make the project life period cost estimates, and for the benefit of t

7、he project to conduct a comprehensive analysis, so as toavoid the one-sided pursuit of low cost, the project put into production after maintenance use costs continue to increase.Three, the widely application of value engineering American engineering cost estimation is based on value engineering, in

8、engineering design research, generally has appraiser's participation. To ensure the functionality under the premise of as far as possible reduce the engineering cost, make the cost based on a reasonable level, so as to obtain the best investment benefit.Four, attaches great importance to the Wor

9、k Breakdown Structure (the Work Breakdown Structure - the WBS and accounting codeFor large and medium-sized project, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, also need to Work should be completed by the decomposition, necessary to determine the cost of each unit and the implement

10、ation plan, a process known as Work Breakdown Structure of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure, and based on WBS and unified coding for accounting. Projectparticipants in the United States has always attached great importance to the WBS and the accounting code, see it as the basis of cost plan and schedul

11、e management.Five, the engineering cost change and project settlement of strict control(a changes to the project cost1. Allow the premise of changeGenerally occurs only when the following in the United States, only then carries on the project cost may change:The contract changesProject internal adju

12、stmentArrange project plan2. The change processProject cost change all needs to fill in the engineering budget price change application form, and a series of documents, approved by the owner and supervisor engineer is rear executable project cost change.(b the construction settlement1. The settlemen

13、t of payment for the contractor did not exceed the budget application, entrust by owner of the architect/engineer review and approval by the owner thereof after settlement;2. All more than the budget more than 5% of the payment request, must pass a strict causal analysis and review.For construction

14、of the project construction cost management main body and its functionOne, the government departmentsGovernment departments involved in the project cost management approach and action are:(1 local governments regularly publish all kinds of engineering cost guidelines, reference for society;(2 shall

15、be responsible for the department of the government investment projects of his own head direct management and accumulation of the relevant information form their own valuation standard;(3 the labor standards around the department formulate and publish to directly influence the project cost;(4 in cha

16、rge of environmental protection and fire fighting departments through the organization to develop and release relevant environmental protection standards to indirectly influence the project cost;(5 through a bank interest rates and other economic leverage to macroeconomic regulation and control of t

17、he whole market, which affect the components of the project cost, ultimately affect the project cost.Second, private ownersOwners of private engineering distributed in all walks of life, such as cars, entertainment, banking, insurance, retail, energy production and distribution. In the United States

18、, specialized division of labor is very fine, can't also don't have to have a owner company engaged in construction cost professionals, so the specific management of the project cost, owner isusually entrust social estimate company, engineering consultancy, etc.Third, architects and engineer

19、sArchitects and engineers, also known as design professionals. In the United States, there are many architects and engineers working in the public institutions and large private institutions. But the United States also has a lot of architects, engineers, registered private independent design company

20、, according to the contract to complete the design work, this article points to the latter. In use such as please Build (the Design - Build project management mode, the architects and engineers and is in charge of Design and is responsible for the construction of a company to sign contract with othe

21、r project management mode, the architects and engineers signed a contract with the owner.Four, the contractorContractors are generally began in the middle and late project involved, according to owner, the initial conditions given design or construction of a facility,as the owner's intention is

22、clear, have more solution was studied, and the choice and give up, the scope of the project and outline is quite clear.Contractor to very detailed, and the classification of cost apart from the above direct costs and indirect costs, for ease of construction control, also divided construction cost se

23、parately, it including direct Labour, construction equipment, as well as the indirect costs.The construction enterprise to manage the project cost and a group of measures is a technology management and service layer separation, employs only a small amount of technical management personnel, have no f

24、ixed workers and contract workers for a long time. According to the requirements of the construction task, at any time and sign the subcontract and all kinds of professional subcontractor in society after the completion of the task, immediate termination.Five, the construction managerConstruction Ma

25、nager, Construction Manager as a whole new way of project management to Constructionmanagement, Construction the Manage - CM, was born in a new career. Construction manager is that some building construction, construction management and construction economics expert, as the agents hired by the owner

26、, main job is in construction stage, the architect/engineer and the contractor management, supervision and coordination. In addition, the work of construction by hanging in the early stages of the project work are:Stage 1. decision-making stages: help determine the project goals, objectives and prio

27、rity programs, developing assessment operation planning, preliminary cost estimates, preparation of the initial schedule, assist in fund-raising, assist with site selection, assist design professionals.Stage 2. The design phase: to provide timely cost estimating, cost control analysis of the constru

28、ction feasibility of alternative design scheme primary research, to provide data on engineering material z prepare periodic progress planning, coordination and contract documentation process review, value analysis, to provide construction technical and economic aspectsof the proposal, responsible fo

29、r all record of the meeting.Stage 3. Purchasing: budgeting control, estimates published construction tender announcement, pre-trial selected bidders, the distribution of information and the bid documents, before the meeting and organize site inspection, receiving, analyzing bidding and award of bid

30、proposal is put forward, track purchase stage and set up documents for all activities.The common models and methods of project management One, the owner management mode directlyThis way is a kind of traditional project management mode. Under this method, the owner respectively with design and constr

31、uction of design agencies and contractors to sign the contract, the owner directly to supervise and control the design and construction work in construction phase, design professionals usually bear the important supervisory work.Two, the Design, construction mode of the Design - BuildingSo-called wa

32、y of design, construction, project is in principle to determine, after the owner simply select the only entity is responsible for the design and construction of the project, design, construction contractor responsible for the design and construction phase of the cost, as for the specific implementat

33、ion of engineering design and construction, depending on the specific circumstances, or completed by their professionals to a subsidiary, with professional design agencies and the subcontractor or by signing the agreement by its complete, respectively. Three, the Construction management mode (Constr

34、uction Manage - CM The management mode has two kinds, the first for the construction manager is the owner of the agent, the owners to attend all the contract situation; The second for construction managers and builders. Agent construction management is a more traditional form, under this form of con

35、struction manager is the owner's consultants and agents, to provide construction management services. Construction manager and builder of the project management mode is also called risk type construction engineering management mode, in fact is the pure ground construction management mode with the combination of t