《高比例可再生能源消纳》

1、Jason MacDowell史保壮GE能源咨询Beijing 北京2014-9-15Integrating High Penetration of Renewables Into the Grid高比例可再生能源消纳高比例可再生能源消纳GE Energy Management21920sCentral Station Engineering1930sCentral Station Engineering w/ Analytical Engineering1950sCombined Electric Utility & Industrial Application Engineerin

2、g1960sElectric Utility Engineering Operation1970sElectric Utility Systems Engineering Department1980sSystems Development & Engineering Department1990sPower SystemsEnergy Consulting21st Century1880sThomson Houston CoPower & Mining Dept.April 15, 1892GE formed by merger ofEdison General Electr

3、icand Thomson HoustonEnergy ConsultingEnergy ConsultingFirst 100 years能源咨询能源咨询3Core Practice Areas主要领域主要领域Centers of Excellence with Global ReachFor nearly a century Solving global electric power industrys most pressing challenges driving greater affordability, reliability, and efficiencyPolicy&

4、PlanningInvestmentAnalysisPower Economics电力经济电力经济Transmission&DistributionCommercial&IndustrialPower SystemsOperation &Planning电力系统规划与运行电力系统规划与运行ThermalRenewables, Controls &ProtectionGlobal Power Projects电力项目电力项目MAPSPSLFMARSCommercialSoftwareSpecialtySoftwareSoftware软件软件Education电力培

5、训电力培训Power System Energy CoursesCustomized Training4GEs Integration of Renewables Experience可再生能源消纳研究案例可再生能源消纳研究案例 2004 New York3 GW Wind10% Peak Load4% Energy 2005 Ontario15 GW Wind50% Peak Load30% Energy 2006 California13 GW Wind3 GW Solar26% Peak Load15% Energy 2007 Texas15 GW Wind25% Peak Load17

6、% Energy 2009 Western U.S.72 GW Wind15 GW Solar50% Peak Load27% Energy Studies commissioned by utilities, commissions, ISOs. Examine feasibility of 300+ GW of new renewables Consider operability, costs, emissions, transmission受政府、ISO和电力公司的委托，研究了： 大于3 亿kW的可再生能源接纳的可行性 考虑电网运行、费用、排放、传输等各种因素Universal nee

7、d for fleet flexibility, new operating strategies and markets, transmission reinforcement, grid friendly renewables2008 Maui70 MW Wind39% Peak Load25% Energy2010 Oahu500 MW Wind100 MW Solar55% Peak Load25% EnergyPJM Study (underway)96GW Wind22GW Solar30% Energy2012 NSPI Study 900MW Wind25% Energy201

8、0 New England12 GW Wind39% Peak Load24% EnergyPan-Canadian (underway)72GW Wind30% EnergyGradients indicate systems subject to individual studies and also included in larger regional studies51 day1 min1 hr1 wk10 min1 secPositive Sequence Load Flow (GE PSLFTM)GE InterhourScreening ToolTMLong-term Dyna

9、mic Simulations (GE PSLFTM)Multi-Area Production Simulation (GE MAPSTM)These four tools can be used together to quantify the impacts of wind power on the power systemVoltageSupport InertiaGovernorResponse AGC Regulation Economic Dispatch PlanningGE Power Systems Analysis Tools电力系统研究工具电力系统研究工具6Impact

10、 of variability & uncertainty可再生能源的变化性和不确定性的影响可再生能源的变化性和不确定性的影响 Renewable penetration increases variability and uncertainty高比例的可高比例的可再生能再生能源增加了系统的源增加了系统的变化性和不确定性变化性和不确定性 Thermal generation resources must:需要火电具备：需要火电具备：Ramp faster and more oftenCycle on/off faster and more oftenProvide more short

11、-term reserves Need to prepare for the future of the grid 需要需要提前做好准备提前做好准备Fast ramping and shorter start time requirements for new generationDevelop demand response capability to complement short-term reserves7Source: NREL Western Wind & Solar Integration StudyGWGWN N u uc cl l e ea ar rS St te

12、ea am m C Co oa al lW W i i n nd dS So ol l a ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol l a ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi i n ne ed d C Cy yc cl l e eG Ga as s T Tu ur rb bi i n ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H Hy yd dr ro oH Hy yd dr ro o1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl l e es

13、 s0 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl l e es s2 20 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl l e es s3 30 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl l e es s7 70 06 60 05 50 04 40 03 30 02 20 01 10 00 07 70 06 60 05 50 04 40 03 30 02 20 01 10 00 0M O N M O N TUE W ED TUE W ED THUR FRI SAT THUR FRI SAT SUNSUNM O N M O N TUE W ED TU

14、E W ED THUR FRI SAT THUR FRI SAT SUNSUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W30% Renew abl es30% Renew abl esM O

15、N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W20% Renew abl es2

16、0% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w

17、 a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P P

18、R R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U

19、 E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar

20、r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W

21、 W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1

22、 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00

23、 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W

24、i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 0005

25、0, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W30% Renew abl es30% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040,

26、 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W20% Renew abl es20% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN505040403030202010100 00% Ren

27、ew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0

28、 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr

29、 ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S

30、 SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St

31、to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, ,

32、 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud

33、dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E

34、ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne

35、 ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 0The Week of July 10, 2006Wind and solar power displace combined cycle plantsSteam CoalCombined CycleHydroGas TurbinePVWindCSPNuclearPumped Hydro8Sourc

36、e: NREL Western Wind & Solar Integration StudyGWGWPVWindCSP706050403020100706050403020100MON TUE WED THUR FRI SAT SUNMON TUE WED THUR FRI SAT SUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13TH

37、U APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W30% Renew abl es30% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED

38、 APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W20% Renew abl es20% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea

39、a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR

40、 R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02

41、 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar r

42、S St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl

43、 es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00

44、 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il

45、 l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A

46、T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or

47、ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W30% Renew abl es30% Renew abl es

48、M O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN0 010, 00010, 00020, 00020, 00030, 00030, 00040, 00040, 00050, 00050, 000M O N APR 10M O N APR 10TUE APR 11TUE APR 11W ED APR 12W ED APR 12THU APR 13THU APR 13FRI APR 14FRI APR 14SAT APR 15SAT APR 15SUN APR 16SUN APR 16M WM W20% Renew abl

49、 es20% Renew abl esM O N M O N TUE W ED THUR TUE W ED THUR FRI FRI SAT SUNSAT SUN505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne

50、ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A

51、 P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T

52、TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al lW W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la

53、 ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 00% Renew abl es0% Renew abl es10% Renew abl es10% Renew abl esS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h

54、- -W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h - -1 10 0% % R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, , 0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR

55、 R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WS St tu ud dy y A A r re ea a D D i is sp pa at tc ch h - - W W e ee ek k o of f A A p pr ri il l 1 10 0t th h N N o o R Re en ne ew w a ab bl le es s0 01 10 0, , 0 00 00 02 20 0, , 0 00 00 03 30 0, ,

56、0 00 00 04 40 0, , 0 00 00 05 50 0, , 0 00 00 0M M O O N N A A P PR R 1 10 0T TU U E E A A P PR R 1 11 1W W E ED D A A P PR R 1 12 2T TH H U U A A P PR R 1 13 3F FR RI I A A P PR R 1 14 4S SA A T T A A P PR R 1 15 5S SU U N N A A P PR R 1 16 6M M W WN N u uc cl le ea ar rS St te ea am m C Co oa al l

57、W W i in nd dS So ol la ar r C CS SP P w w / / S St to or ra ag ge eS So ol la ar r P PV VC Co om m b bi in ne ed d C Cy yc cl le eG G a as s T Tu ur rb bi in ne eP Pu um m p pe ed d S St to or ra ag ge e H H y yd dr ro oH H y yd dr ro o505040403030202010100 0A Different Week April 10, 2006Coal plan

58、ts are backed down to accommodate wind and solar powerSteam CoalCombined CycleHydroGas TurbineWindNuclear9Lessons Learned . Success factors Forecasting Thermal fleet flexibility Higher quick starts Deeper turn-down Faster ramps More spatial diversity Renewable + DG + Demand A/S Grid-friendly renewab

59、lesImpediments Lack of transmission Lack of control area cooperation Inflexibility due to market rules and contracts Unobservable DGs behind the fence Inflexible operation strategies during light load & high risk periodsSystem CostRenewable penetrations, %SuccessFactorsImpedimentsSystem cost Uns

60、erved Energy RPS miss Higher Cost of Energy Higher Emissions Higher O&M All grids can accommodate substantial amounts of wind and solar There is NEVER a hard “upper limit” Policy and power market structures key to success10Renewables (%)Success FactorsSystem CostImpediments成功的因素 风电/太阳能预测 火电机组 更快速启动 更深的调节深度 更快的爬坡率 地理空间更加分散 辅助服务 对电网更加友好的风电技术困难 输电网