英语语法——时态

1、时态 - 定义 英语语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时 下面就英语中常见的十种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这十种时态的基础上结合而成的。 时态 一、 一般现在时1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, ye

2、ar, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than

3、words. 时态 - 二、 一般过去时1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：w

4、as或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 时态 - 三、 现在进行时1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, days, etc. look . listen 3.基本结构：be+doing 4.否定形式：be+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is

5、 doing well in his lessons. 时态 - 四、 过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing 4.否定形式：s+was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写） 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in,

6、I was reading a newspaper. 时态 - 五、 现在完成时1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：Ive written an articl

7、e. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 时态 - 六、 过去完成时1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had le

8、ft. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) 肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 时态 - 七、 一般将来时1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorr

9、ow, etc. 3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are+going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：am/is/are not going to do ；will/shall not do。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 时态 - 八、 过去将来时1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning,

10、 year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were+going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 时态 - 九、将来完成时1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或

11、状态 2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来） 3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done 4例句:By the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area. 时态 - 十、现在完成进行时1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。 2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing 3.时间状语：since+时

12、间点，for+时间段等。 4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour. The chirdren have been watching TV since six oclock. 时态 - 十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用i

13、t is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 时态 - 十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，

14、如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 时态 - 十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soo

15、n. 时态 - 互相转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式： 时态 - 十六种时态所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段，即：现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种；所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时说呈现的状态，有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态或完成进行状态四种。由时和态结合，便形成下列十六种时态： 一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时； 现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时； 现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时； 现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时一般现在时 study /studies 一

16、般过去时 studied 一般将来时 shall /will study 一般过去将来时 should / would study 现在进行时 am /is/ are studying 过去进行时 was /were studying 将来进行时 shall /will be studying 过去将来进行时 should /would be studying 现在完成时 have /has studied 过去完成时 had studied 将来完成时 shall /will have studied 过去将来完成时 should /would have studied 现在完成进行时 ha

17、ve /had been studying 过去完成进行时 had been studying 将来完成进行时 shall /will have been studying 过去将来完成进行时 should /would have been studying 在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。被动语态助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词含有情态动词：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分辞短语动词 ：example takes good care taken good care 虚拟语气 用来表示非真实的假设，表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿

18、望 条件从句 主句违背现在事实 过去式 should / would / could / might + 动词原形 If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately 违背过去事实 had + 过去分词 should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词 I could have done it better if I had been more careful 违背将来事实 should + 动词原形 should / would / could / might + 动词原形we

19、re + 动词不定式( were to + 动词原形) If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that 混合虚拟句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词

20、形式需要调整If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。 Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句， 在这些动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should 。 It is ( It was ) important ，其后的主语从句用虚拟语气，助动词用should 。 It is important that we ( should ) learn computer . Wish + ( that

21、) 从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。 表示现在的动作或状态是，从句中的动词用过去时；表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had + 过去分词。 但是，从句中动词用would (might ) + 动词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一点合同法（我不知道）I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能来 （有可能来）As if / as thought 引导的状语从句（或表语从句）中，常用虚拟语气。 如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词则应使用过去式；如果从句表示

22、的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词则使用 had + 过去分词的形式 。基本句型主语 + 谓语动词 The two-man spaceship took off this morning 。主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 The drilling machine is making a hole 。主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 The answer is off the point 。主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 The new approach has saved us a great deal of time 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 We like our

23、 guests to feel at home 。常用连词等立连词：and , so , not only but also , neither now , or , otherwise , either or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for 常用关联词主从连词 that , whether , if 连接代词 who , whom , whose , what , where , which 连接副词 when , where , why , how 倒装句 Never , Scarcely , hardly , rar

24、ely , little , nowhere , no sooner than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances （这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时）There be 句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句Here , there , then , thus 等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come , be , exist , follow 等不及物动词时，句子一般都为全部倒装 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus

25、 .句首为 so , nor , neither 等副词时、表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时 ，句子为倒装Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister 在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动次 had ,should 和动词were 。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train so / nor / neither + 系动词/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。 He d

26、oesnt like music . Nor / Neither do I . 在Hardly when 和 No sooner than 以及 Not until 的句型中，由于否定词或否定词组放在句首，主句部分中的主、谓要到装助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital . 直接引语和间接引语John said , “ I m going to London with my father .”John said that he was going to London with his father .

27、一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句 He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。 祈使句变为动词不定式， 作ask , tell 等动词的宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等；表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词，原句中的dont 应变为 not 。 The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients

28、.”The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients . 如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”He says that he is very busy reading the book . 如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时 过去完成时不变直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般

29、相应变化如下：this - that last week the week before therse those three days ago three days before now then tomorrow the next day today that day next week the (next ) following week this week that week here - thereyesterday the day before come go 介词at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two oclock in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in

30、the morning , in spring , in 1967 on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoondurning 表示一段时间 ，强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacation at one time 过去有段时间、从前at the same time 同时on time 按时below 表示低于 ， 温度低于多少度above 表示高于 ， 温度高于多少度几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下：好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc. 非谓语动词f