雅思阅读精读讲义

1、雅思辅导课精读讲义Passage 1（1h）:Questions 1-5：Do the following statements agree with the information given in this passage? TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 The plight of the rainforests has larg

2、ely been ignored by the media.2 Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.3 It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.4 The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framewor

3、k of ideas means that it is easier to change them.5 The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as Are there any rainforests in Africa?”Questions 6-7：Answer the following questions by choosing the correct responses A-E.6 What was the childrens most frequent response when ask

4、ed where rainforests were?7 What was the most common response to the question about the importance of the rainforests?A Rainforests are located near the Equator.B Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to live.C Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of plants.D Rainforests are fo

5、und in Africa.E Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing existence.必背词汇：长难句分析：1. (Para 1 Line 3)For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every fo

6、rty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period.参考译文：打个比方，孩子们很容易就能理解这样一个图例，即平均四十分钟，也就是一节课的时间内，世界上就会有相当于一千个足球场大小的热带雨林遭到破坏。分析：one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate中which后为一个由介词to+which引导的定于从句，修饰先行词illustration，而之所以选用to是因为它和relate构成一个固定搭配relate to，表示“发生共鸣；欣赏；领略；认

7、同；理解”等意思，如：He is trying to create an image that average voters could relate to.他在试图打造一个普通选民能够认同的形象。Group work helps children learn to share things and relate to each other.集体活动可以教会孩子们分享东西，并且帮助他们互相理解。而the estimate that后又跟了一个同位语从句，补充说明estimate（估计）的内容。此句最后的about the duration of a normal classroom perio

8、d则是every forty minutes的同位语，进一步解释说明其内容。此处要注意一个阅读的小技巧破折号后面往往是同位语成分。2. (Para 2 Line 2)These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also access

9、ible to modification.参考译文：这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身所有的组成观点更加难以攻破，有些观点本身甚至就是错误的，但也正是这样，它们反而更容易被改动。分析：but organised是插入语，和multifaceted一同修饰其后的conceptual framework，在阅读中要注意由两个逗号或双破折号隔开的部分往往是插入语。后面的making it是现在分词作状语，类似情况如下：The face of the Moon is changed by collisions with meteoroids,

10、causing new craters to appear.月球表面经过流星的撞击，形成了新的火山口。后面又是一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰the component ideas。中文对照：无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。打个比方，孩子们很容易就能理解这样一个图例，即平均每四十分钟，也就是一节课的时间内，世界上就会有相当于一千个足球场大小的热带雨林遭到破坏。面对媒体频繁且生动的报道，也学不需要任何正规的教育，孩子们就能够形成一系列有关热带雨林的观点：比如说雨林是什么，位置在哪里，为什么如此重要，又是什么在威胁它们等等。当然，这些观点也是

11、有可能是错的。 许多研究表明孩子们对于在学校里学到的科学知识心存误解。这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有的组成观点更加难以攻破，有些观点本身甚至就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易被改动。这些错误观点正是由于孩子们从大众媒体上吸收了信息而形成的。有时连这些信息本身都是错误的。学校似乎也没能够给他们提供一个再度阐述自己观点的机会，因此老师及其他学生也不能帮助其检验及纠正这些错误观点。 尽管媒体对于热带雨林所遭受的破坏做了大量的报道，但是有关孩子相关观点的信息却少之又少。所以，目前这项研究的目的就是要给教师提供这样的信息来帮助

12、他们设计自己的教学策略，以便帮助学生构筑正确的观点，置换他们的错误概念，并在学校中展开环保研究项目。 该项研究调查了孩子有关热带雨林的科学知识以及态度。研究要求一些中学生填写一份包含了五个简答题的调查表。对于第一个问题，最常见的解答就是来自“热带雨林”这一名称所附带的不言自明的含义。有些孩子把雨林描述成一个又潮又湿或闷热的地方。第二个问题是关于雨林的地理位置的，大多数答案都提到了国名或洲名：百分之四十三的孩子写了非洲；百分之三十写了美洲；还有百分之二十五的人认为热带雨林主要分布在巴西。有些孩子给出了如“赤道附近”这样更为宽泛的答案。相似的是，有百分之十三的女生认为热带雨林为人类提供了居所，而男

13、生中有此想法的人只占百分之五。这些观点与先前就学生对热带雨林的开发及保护状况所做的研究的结果基本一致，该结果表明女生更容易表现出对小动物的同情，其观点也更容易将内在的价值观基于动物而非人类生命上。试题解析：Questions 1-5：题目类型：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 解答此类题型要先读题，在题目中划出关键词，关键词往往是主语、动词、宾语或程度副词，再到文中寻找对应点。题目中的关键词可能并不能直接对应文中相关词语，而是同义替换，这就需要在平时的学习中注意同义词、近义词的积累与记忆。1 关键词 ：plight ignored media 文中对应句：Para 1: In the

14、face of the frequent and often vivid coverage & Para 3: Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, 解题关键 ：A. plight（困境）与原文中destruction（毁坏）为近义词，同义替换 B. frequent, vivid, extensive等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注并做了广泛报道，与题目中ignored不符 答案 ：FALSE2 关键词 ：children only clas

15、sroom 文中对应句：Para 2: These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. 解题关键 ：absorbing ideas through the popular media说明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点，而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。 答案 ：FALSE小技巧 ：题目中出现“only” “never”等绝对性字眼时大多数情况下选FALSE3 关键词 ：suggested mistaken pure 文中对应句：Para 2: Many studies

16、 have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure, curriculum science. 解题关键 ：It has been suggested that与文中的Many studies have shown that两个句型含义相同，而hold（持有，包含）与harbour，mistaken views与misconceptions，pure science that they study at school与pure, curriculum science都是同义替换，因此题目与文中对应句意思相同。 答案 ：TRUE4

17、 关键词 ：framework easier change 文中对应句：These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. 解题关键 ：framework直接对应，题中的ea

18、sier to change与文中的 accessible to modification是同义替换，因此题目与文中对应句意思相同。 答案 ：TRUE5 关键词 ：yes/no questions 文中对应句：Para 4: Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. 解题关键 ：open-form questions为简答题，与题中yes/no questions（判断题）意思不符。 答案 ：FALSEQuestions 6-7：题目

19、类型：MATCHING（问题配答案）解答此类题型也要先读题，在题目中划出关键词，问题配答案类型的题目关键词往往是疑问词和相应的名词，再到文中寻找哪一段或者那几句话包含对应信息。找到之后再与备选项进行比对选出答案。6 关键词 ：children response where rainforest 文中对应句：Para 4: The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children) 通过问题中的response和where在文中定位出对应句，由Africa对应出D选项：Rainfo

20、rests are found in Africa.为正确答案。7 关键词 ：response importance 文中对应句：Para 5: Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. 通过问题中的response和importance在文中定位出对应句，由rainforests provide an

21、imals with habitats.对应出B选项：Without rainforests some animals would have nowhere to live. habitats与place to live为同义替换，否定就是nowhere to live.(选自剑四Test 1 Passage 1)Passage 2（1h）:A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: The more democratic the

22、process, the more public transport is favored. He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and

23、the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel ti

24、mes to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infra

25、structure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes th

26、at. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Ja

27、karta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars - creating the massive traffic jams th

28、at characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal adv

29、ocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that

30、 the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes whe

31、re people come together face-to-face.Questions 1-5：This passage has five marked paragraphs, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.List of Headingsi Avoiding an overcrowded centreii A successful exercise in people poweriii The benefits of working together

32、in citiesiv Higher incomes need not mean more carsv Economic arguments fail to persuadevi The impact of telecommunications on population distributionvii Increases in travelling timeviii Responding to arguments against public transport1   Paragraph A 2   Paragraph B 3  

33、Paragraph C 4   Paragraph D 5 Paragraph E 必背词汇：democratic adj. 民主的grant v. 给予referendum n. 公民投票spectacularly adv. 特别地dramatically adv. 极大地density n. 密度destination n. 目的地infrastructure n. 基础设施sprawl n. 扩张massive adj. 巨大的congestion n. 拥挤commute v. 通勤viable adj. 可行的refute v. 驳斥counterpart n.

34、对应的人或物starkly adv. 明显地convert v. 转换proposal n. 建议telecommunication n. 电信dispersal n. 分散长难句分析：1. (1) (Para A Line 1) In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics.(2) (Para A Line 4) However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether

35、 to spend the money on light rail instead.参考译文：(1) 纽曼教授认为，事实上，决定优先采用一种交通运输方式而不是另一种交通方式的主要因素是政治。(2) 但是，当地的压力团体强行组织了一次公民投票，在是否要将国家拨款花费在建设替代公路的轻轨上这一方面进行表决。分析：在这两句中over的用法不同，第一句中over意为“优先于”，而第二句中的over意为“在方面，关于”，over做介词的主要用法如下： A. The helicopter is staying over our heads. 在的上面；在的上方B. Over 10 people were

36、killed in the conflict. (在数目、程度等上)高出，超过C. The children who have rich parents often have an advantage over any other people in education. 优先于D. They were discussing over the plan of investment. 在方面，关于E. I learned the news over the radio. 通过的手段(或途径等)2. (Para C Line 7) In cities that developed later, t

37、he World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.参考译文：在发展比较滞后的城市中，世界银行和亚洲发展银行不鼓励修建公共交 通系统，因此人们不得不依赖汽车作为交通工具，导致了这些城市标志性的大塞车。分析：(1) In cities that developed

38、 later中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词cities，意为“发展比较滞后的城市” (2) creating为现在分词做结果状语，意为“这导致了” (3) the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词traffic jams，意为“这些城市标志性的大塞车”中文对照：A 纽曼教授认为，事实上，决定采用哪一种交通运输方式的主要因素是政治，"决策过程越民主，公共交通就越容易得到支持”。他将美国俄勒冈州的波特兰市看作是其中的范例。几年前，国家拨款修建一条新公路。但是，当地的压力团体强行组织

39、了一次公民投票，来表决是否要将国家拨款花费在建设替代公路的轻轨上。修建轻轨的提议最终获得通过，而且轨道系统在当地的运行状况非常良好。在随后的几年中，波特兰市修建了更多的轨道交通系统，城市面貌也因此得到巨大改善。纽曼教授发现，波特兰市与珀斯市的人口数量大致相同，并且当时的人口密度也十分相近。B 在英国，人们不会去做通勤时间需要半小时以上的工作，因而六百年来，花在上班路途上的时间都得以保持不变。刚开始的时候，火车和汽车使人们住得远，却又无需增加花在路途上的时间。然而，公共基础设施无法跟上城市扩张的步伐，这就导致了大规模的交通拥堵问题，并且使上下班的时间大大延长。C 有一种广泛的说法是：财富的不断增

40、长促使人们到更远的地方居住，而汽车是那里唯一可行的交通工具。然而许多欧洲城市的例子可以反驳这一观点。相对于美国城市，欧洲城市通常更加富有，而汽车使用率却比美国低。近年来，随着城市规模的不断扩张和财富的逐年增加，斯德哥尔摩的汽车使用率反而还有所下降。一项新的研究更清楚地说明了这一点。亚洲的发展中城市，例如雅加达和曼谷，其汽车使用率要高于像东京和新加坡这样的富裕地区。在发展比较滞后的城市中，世界银行和亚洲发展银行不鼓励修建公共交 通系统，因此人们不得不依赖汽车作为交通工具，这导致了这些城市中标志性的大塞车。D 纽曼教授认为，以墨尔本为例的"城中村”报告是最优秀的研究报告之一，报告主要讲述

41、如何将以汽车代步的城市转变成以轨道交通为主的城市。该报吿显示，让大家都住在市中心并不是最好的方法。反之，报告主张建立几百个集中在车站附近的城中村。E 曾经有人假设，由于人们不再被迫住在城市，电信的改进将促使人口进一步分散。然而，ISTP研究小组的调查显示继几十年的下降之后，在20世纪80年代，城市人口和职位的密度都保持不变或有所上升。似乎合理的解释为，将工作在相关领域的人聚集在一起可以创造更大的价值。“未来新世界将主要依靠人类的创造力，而创造力在人们面对面的交流中会更加活跃。”试题解析：Questions 1-5：题目类型：LIST OF HEADINGS此类题型的要求是从LIST OF HE

42、ADINGS中找段落的中心思想或者主旨，选项的数目往往大大多于文章段落的数目。做题时要注意先不要看选项，先读文章，读一段话，做一道题。此类题型有以下解题方法：1. 根据首尾句解题。由于英美人的直线思维，所以有很多段落都在段落首句或者尾句直接给出该段落的中心思想句。2. 根据承上启下句解题。上一段的heading可以通过下一段的第一句来进行确认；3. 根据语言信号词解题。 此类题型中经常用到的语言信号词有以下几种： A. 转折信号词：but, however, nevertheless, yet, in fact, as

43、60;a matter of fact, actually,whereas, conversely, on the contrary, instead . 作者强调的重点在转折词之后。B. 让步信号词：despite, in spite of, although, while, nonetheless作者强调的不是其后的半句话，而是另半句话。 C. 目的信号词：so that, so as to, the purpose/aim/goal of

44、A is to, A is targeted at, A is aimed at, A is for, in order to, A is oriented to B目的信号词之后是重点D. 总结信号词：overall, above all,  in a word, in conclusion, all in all, to conclude, to sum up后常跟主题句E. 举例信号词： for example,

45、0;for instance, such as, like, an apparent example is that举例信号词后肯定不是主题句，而它前面的句子是主题句4. 根据错误观点提示句解题。一般由popular/widespread/prevailing/overwhelming等词引出的观点都是作者的“靶子”，在下文中往往会否定掉。因此段落主题一般与此句相反。1 Paragraph A的主题句是第一句。其中的democratic一词与ii选项中的people power意思相近，且本段后面有人民成功履行权利

46、的例子，因此应选ii。2 Paragraph B中出现转折信号词However，因此其后内容是作者强调的重点。However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing一句中的commuting times与vii选项中的travelling time意思相近，far higher与increases意思相近，因此应选vii。3 Paragraph C的首句There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to l

47、ive farther out where cars are the only viable transport.中用到了widespread一词，类似叙述一般都是错误观点。因此此段主题与此句相反，因此应选iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars4 Paragraph D中出现转折信号词instead，因此其前面一句话It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach.与主题相反，因此应选i Avoiding an overcrowded centr

48、e5 Paragraph E中The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together.一句与iii选项相符，因此应选iii(选自剑六Test 2 Passage 1)Passage 3（1h）:【A】The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 1

49、00 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.【B】So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it i

50、s worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.【C】One of the Lumiere Brothers earliest films was a 30-second pie

51、ce which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a work of genius. As the train approached

52、wrote Tarkovsky, panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they fe

53、ared that a real train was about to crush them.【D】Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a di

54、fferent world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was capt

55、ured.【E】One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they know how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded - at least

56、in film fiction - have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery - the cars, the cities, the cowboys - become the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.Questions 1-3：Do the followin

57、g statements agree with the information given in this passage? YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 It is important to understand how the first audiences

58、 reacted to the cinema.2 The Lumiere Brothers film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.3 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.Questions 4-5：Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.4 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA the simplicity of early films.B the impact of early films.C how short early films were.D how imaginative early films were.5 In