2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题

1、2015 年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, wefind in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Record

2、ed in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This concep

3、tion of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the Germanidealist Hegel. He believed that society ow

4、ed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own

5、 will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a

6、more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal memberof society. Before a treatment can be admi

7、nistered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the causecan be removed, provisionsmust be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be qu

8、ickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal

9、 place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement inLegalJusticeD. AttainingJustice in the

10、Courts2.The passage impliesthat the basic differencebetween retributivejustice and corrective justice is the （ ）.A. type of crimethat wasprovenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason forthesentenceD. outcomeofthetrial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views o f corrective jus

11、tice would be （） .A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth ” was presented in order to （） .A. prove ， that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of

12、lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement ca n be recognized. In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tiedup with theirright,orabilit

13、y, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to pra ctice.Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This isthe conclusionof the anthropologistMargaretMead abouttheway inwhich the rolesof men and women insocietys

14、hould bedistinguished.If talkand print areconsidered it wouldseem thatthe formalemancipation of womenis farfromcomplete. There is aflow ofpublicationsabout thecontinuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown u p around their hitherto accepted ad

15、vantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exc lusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automaticdoubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolutionthatmen, itis supposed, bring to the business of running

16、 the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosi on of men's status. In thefirst place, thereis thewidespreadpostwar phenomenonof the womanPrime Minister,in India,Sri Lankaand Israel.Secondly, thereis thevery largeincrease in thenumber of women who work, especiallymarr

17、iedwomen and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasin gly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to i dentical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leis

18、ure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the pr imitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons t han of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of in

19、wardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper i n the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural soci ety men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firml

20、y reserved to the man, who sets about courtship w ith a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first parag raph suggests that they （ ） A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. haveaclear idea of what is considered&quo

21、t;manly".D. tendtobe more immoral thanwomen are.6. The third paragraph （）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. hasno connection withthe first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradictsthelastparagraph7. Theusual idea of thecave man in the lastparagraph （）A.

22、isbased on the studyof archaeologyB. illustrateshowpeople expectmen to behaveC. is dismissed by theauthor as anirrelevantjokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The openingquotationfromMargaret Mead sums upa relationship between man and woman which the author （）A. approves ofB.

23、argues isnaturalC. completelyrejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massiv

24、e government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to cr

25、azy European levels.Bush said thestep was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor count

26、ries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3%in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the U

27、nited Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula,

28、 Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the s

29、ky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African

30、 producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticultureindustry in Kenya will shrivelas quicklyas a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in oth

31、er sectors also works: Americas AfricanGrowth andOpportunity Act, which cutsdutieson exports ofeverythingfromhandicraftsto shoes, has proved a boon toAfrica's manufacturers. The lesson: theThird World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to incr

32、ease farm subsidies last month allthe more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urgestrade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicionscaused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last Novembermembers of the World T

33、rade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment

34、 to thosetalks and his personal devotion to free trade.than9.By comparison, farmers （） receive more government subsidiesothers.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （） motive behind Bush s signing of the new farm bill.?A

35、.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?11.The message the writerattempts to convey throughoutthe passage is that （）A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B. “ the least?developed country ” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicio

36、ns about trade liberalizat ion?of subsidD.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit ies12 .The writers attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reservedRoger Rosenblatt s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than

37、 sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by over

38、tly politicalstandards, ratingeach work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instrument

39、s of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfacto

40、ry answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt

41、 shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they sprin

42、g, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt s thematicanalysis permits considerable objec

43、tivity;he even explicitly states that it is nothis intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, someof the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,

44、 or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which B

45、lack heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known workslike James Weldon Johnson s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objec