初中英语习题讲解语法讲解一本通

1、阳 虎 教 育 资 料初中基础语法知识 姓名 _ 一、名词1、可数名词和不可数名词怎样来表示数量？哪些名词既可数又不可数名词？(6个单词) 基数词+可数名词复数或用many, a few, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+可数名词复数：eight oranges, many students, lots of tomatoes, some boys (注意区别some _某个男孩), any matches (注意区别any _ 任何比赛), six boxes of books 基数词+量词(piece, kind, box, bottle,

2、cup, glass, bag)+不可数名词或用much, a little, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+不可数名词：two pieces of paper, three boxes of orange, forty bags of rice, five cups of tea, much water, some drink, any advice _(工作，作品、工厂), _(橙汁，桔子), _(时间，次数、倍数), _(鸡肉，小鸡), _(纸，试卷、报纸), _(玻璃，玻璃杯), _(空间，房间)2、可数名词复数如何变？ 规则(1)、一

3、般情况加_：pen_, doctor_ (2)、以_，_，_，_，结尾的词加_：bus_，class_，box_，fox_，watch_，brush_, wish_ (3)、以辅音母加_结尾的词变“_”为“_”再加_：city_, factory_, country_, family_, baby_, story_, party_, century_, worry_ (4)、以元音字母加_结尾的名词的复数形式只加_：boy_, day_, key_, way_, toy_ (5)、以_结尾的词多数都加_：hero_，potato_，tomato_ (6)、词末有两个元音字母的词和外来词只加_：

4、zoo_，radio_，photo_，piano_ (7) 以_或_结尾的词，多数变_为_再加_：knife_，leaf_, half_, thief_, wife_ (注意：roof(屋顶)roofs；scarf_ / _)。 不规则(7个单词) man_，woman_，tooth_，foot_，goose_，child_，mouse_, policeman_, policewoman_, Englishman_ 单数形式而只能表示复数(2个单词) _ 人, _ 警察 单复数形式相同(5个单词) _ 中国人，_ 日本人，_绵羊，_鹿，_鱼，_方式 复数形式只能是单数 (3个单词) _新闻,

5、_ 数学, _ 物理, _ 瀑布, _ 美国 一般只有复数无单数 (4个单词) _(裤子), _眼镜, _ 衣服, _ (货物), _ (筷子) 复合词的复数如何变 (1) 主名词为复数：banana tree_, daughter in law _,(儿媳)，boy student_， girl friend_，shoe factory_ (2) 如是man或woman作定语时，同时变复数：man driver_(男司机) woman doctor_(女大夫) (3) sport一般用复数作定语：sports bag_, sports shoe_ 人名复数的用法及意思是什么？ The +人名

6、表示_ The Greens = _ family 谓语用_3、名词所有格的加法及用法 (1) 单数后_：a _ (学生)room, my _(母亲) father (2) 以_结尾的复数在_后加_：_(双胞胎) rooms, _ (教师) Day (注意：以_结尾的单数名词加_，如是姓氏(名字)时，则可以直接加_或加_：an _ (女演员) experience, a _(女服务员) job，_ (James) sister或_ sister，_ (Jones) books或_ books) (3) 特殊名词复数加_：_ (儿童) Day, _(妇女) Day, _ (鼠) hair (4)

7、 由and连接的表示共同拥有加_为所有格：_ (玛丽和约翰) father, _ (Nick and Tim) bedroom （注意：分别拥有则_加所有格：_ (Jim and Mike) mothers, _ (Jack and Lucy) chairs） (5) 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用_(此结构可以用连字号表示，此时所有格只能用单数)：a twenty _ (分钟) walk= a _ walk，ten _(英里) journey = _ journey(旅行)，a _ (船) length(长度)，two _ weight = two-poun

8、d weight(两磅重), ten _ worth = ten-dollar worth(值10美元)。4、双重所有格的组成是什么？（1） a(two)+名词_(_)+_+名词_（_物主代词） =one (two) _ +名词_（_物主代词）+名词_：我父亲的一个朋友a _ of _ _= one of my _ _, 我照片中的一张a photo of _ = one of _ _ （2）the +名词+_+名词=(the)+名词_+名词：the _(猫) name =the name _ the _, the _(狗) legs =the legs _ the _, _ (中国) pop

9、ulation =the population _ _, Chinas capital =the capital of China二、数词1、写出1-110和2048，8563的基数词和序数词，基数与序数如何转换 _ /_ =1st _ /_ =2nd _ /_ =3rd _ /_ =4th _ /_ =5th _ /_ =6th _ /_ =7th _ /_ =8th _ /_ = 9th _ /_ =10th _ /_ =11th _ /_ =12th _ /_ =13th _ /_ = 14th _ /_ =15th _ /_ =16th _ /_ =17th _ /_ =18th _

10、/_ =19th _ /_ =20th _ /_ =21st _ /_ =22nd _ /_ =23rd _ /_ =24th _ /_ 25th _ / _ = 29th _ /_ =30th _ /_ = 40th _ /_ =50th _ /_ =60th _ /_ =70th _ /_ =80th _ /_ = 90th _ /_ =91st _ /_ =99th _ /_ =100th _ /_ =101st _ /_ = 102nd _ / _ = 110th_ /_ =_ /_ = _ 注意：序数词前一般用_表示“第几”：_ ninth girl 第九的一个女孩, _ eight

11、eenth desk第十八的一张桌子； 但也可用_或_表示“再、又”，相当于another或基数词+more：_ ninth girl = _ nine girls = nine _ girls 再要九个女孩 基数与序数如何转换：名词+基数(每词首字母大写= the +序数+名词(每词的首字母小写) 第8单元: _ _ = the _ _ 5路公交车: _ _ 5 = the _ 5 _2、准确数与概数；钟点；时间长度距离名词等的表达法和用法 基数词+_ (百) /_(千)_ /_ (百万) +名词_，some /many /few /several (无基数词) _ (百) /_(千)_ /

12、_ (百万) + _ +名词_ 点+分（30）=分+_ /_+点： 在5:20 at _ =at _ five, 点+分（30）=60-分+_+点+1：在4:40 at four _ = at _ five 译：9:28 _, _ 11:45 _, _ 基数+名词_+形容词相当于名词=基数-名词_-形容词复数：twelve _(岁) old = twelve-_ -_，而基数+名词_+形容词相当于形容词作定语 =基数-名词_-形容词：a twelve _(岁) old boy = a twelve-_-_ boy3、分数如何表示，作主语时谓语如何确定？ 组成： _(one)+_(有的加上连字符

13、号)，谓语根据所修饰的_的数来确定谓语的数：3/4 _ _ = _ _, Six _ (11) of water _ run out of. Four _ (9) of apples _ in the bag.三、代词1、人称代词的主格和宾格分别是哪些？如何区别使用？(写出) I _ you _ she _ they （作主语，位于动词前） _ us _ him _ it _ （作宾语，位于动词后）2、物主代词的名词性和形容词性分别是哪些？如何区别使用？(写出)my _ your his her _ their （不能单独用，后面须接名词）_ ours yours _ _ its _ (单独用

14、，后不接名词) 注意its_, its _(汉语)3、反身代词有哪些？(写出) 常与哪些动词或介词搭配？(6个动词，3个介词) myself _(我们自己) yourself yourselves _ (他自己) _ (她自己) itself _ (他们自己) (单独用，作宾语，一般不作主语) _ (教) /hurt /_(帮助) / dress / call /kill oneself; by / for / of/ be angry with oneself 注意：不可作定语表示某物是自己的，只能用名词+of ones own： a car of _ _ = _ _ car 我自己的车(不

15、能说myself car或a car of myself)4、不定代词有哪些？(写出) 复合不定代词有哪些？(写出) 它们用什么代词代替？位置如何？ 不定代词：_ 两者都, _ 所有都, _ 一些，某一, _ 一些，任何一个, _ 两个中任一个, _两个都不, each, one, few, little 复合不定代词：everything, everybody, everyone, everywhere, anything, anybody, anyone, anywhere, something, somebody, someone, somewhere, nothing, nobody,

16、 none, nowhere 这些词指物用_代替，指人用_或_代替，有形容词修饰时放在这些单词后面。 同时区别以下不定代词：(1) little, few, a little, a fewlittle+不可数名词(否定意思), few+可数名词复数(否定意思), a little+不可数名词(肯定), a few+可数名词复数(肯定) The problem is very hard, _ people can work it out. There is _ rice, please buy some back home. I can speak only _ French, so I can

17、t talk with them. Quite _ students like playing games. I saw _ boy playing with a cat on the playground. (思考：填a few变哪个单词)(2) any, some any+可数名词复数/不可数名词(用于否定句和疑问句)；any +可数名词单数 表示任何一个(用于陈述肯定句) some+可数名词复数/不可数名词(用于陈述肯定句或委婉语气的句子)；some+可数名词单数表示某一个.(用于陈述肯定句) I ask for _ help. _ girls are reading under the

18、 tree. People can fly to the moon _ day. Would you like _ fruit? _ girl likes hearing nice words. Do you want _ milk? Did he eat _ apples? Would you like coffee, water or tea? _ is OK. I dont mind.(3) it, one, that, those, this it代替前文所指的物，特指，单数，也可代替时间、距离、或形式主语与宾语，也可指人，当不知对方性别时用it；one代替上文所指的同一类物，泛指，可

19、数单数，复数用ones，不可数用that代替，同时常用于两者比较中的另一者，如果是复数则用those代替，另外打电话询问对方是谁用that代替，不用you，而回答我是谁时用This is代替，不用Im。 I have a dog. _ is very clever. I have some toys, do you have _, Mike? Whos _? _ is Nick. I found _ easy to study English well. The weather in Chongqing is hotter than _ in Beijing in summer. Dont t

20、hrow it like _. _ orange is redder than that _. The books in the library are much more than _ in the bookstore.(4) no one, none, every one, everyone no one常指人，回答who，后不接of；而none指物或人均可，后可接of，回答how many或how much；every one 指人或物，后可接of，而everyone指人，后不接of。均表示数量是3或3者以上。 _ of us is here. _ are late. _ is happ

21、y to watch movies. _ of us is moved. -How many students are there in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -Who is in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -How much milk is there in the bottle? - _. Please give another one.(5) both, all, either, neither, an

22、y, none, each, every (注意：有的题答案不只一个)bothalleitherneitheranynoneeachevery数量=23=2=23323接of 可否可可可可可可可否名单复数复复单单单不单单可数与不可数可可、不可可可可、否可可可否单独用可可可可可可可否谓语(单复)复复、单三单三单三单复、单三单三单词组bothand.和.都(谓复)eitheror或者.或者(谓近)neithernor既不也不 (谓靠近)each otherevery three weeks每三天every other day每隔一天注意它们后接of时的名词均为复数或代词宾格，而all, none

23、of后还可以接不可数名词。 There are many buildings on _ side of street. There are many trees on _ side of playground. There are many building on _ sides of street. There are many trees on _ sides of playground. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _, Id like apples. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _is OK, I dont

24、 mind. -Do you want bananas, oranges or pears? - _ , Id like apples. -Do you want bananas, orange or pears? - _ is OK, I dont mind. _ of them has spoken at the meeting. _ of them have spoken at the meeting. _ of your parents is at home. _ of your parents are at home. I am _ a student nor worker. I a

25、m _ a student and worker. _ twin is reading in the room. _ boy in the class loves her.(6) many, much, too much, much too, many more, much more, too many, so many, so much (注意：有的题答案不只一个) many /too many /so many + 可数名词复数，many more +可数名词复数than ； much /too much /so much +不可数名词， much more +多音节形容词/副词(或不可数

26、名词) than； much too +形容词原级(副词) We cant play with you because we have _ homework to do. This story is _ interesting than that one. I have _ books than you. He drank _ water than me. I dislike the TV play which is _ boring. There are _ people that the room cant hold them. Thank you _. = _ thanks. _ stu

27、dents like seeing the film “2012”.(7) other, the other, others, the others, another other +可数名词复数=others，数量不只两者(部分)；the other+可数名词单数/数词(可省略)或the other+可数名词复数= the others，数量是两者(部分)，one the other一个另一个.；others单独用，常与some some others一些，一些，另一些，数量不只两部分；the others单独用，数量是两部分；another+可数名词单数 = one more+可数名词单数或

28、another+基数+可数名词复数 = 基数+more+可数名词复数，数量是三者或以上，表示又(再)要。 Some are paying, _ are lying on the beach. I have two pens, one is red, _ is blue. I cant finish the work in two hours. I need _ hour. Tom does better in English than _ in the class. Hank is a good boy, he often helps _ (/_people) in trouble. I am

29、 shorter than _ _ classmates in my class. I am a bit hungrier, Id like _ two cakes. I have five friends. One is from Japan, _ four are from America.(8) bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not only but (also) (注意：有的题答案不只一个) bothand = not onlybut also是两者都，谓语用复数形式，否定是neithernor；而eitheror是或者或者，要么要么，谓语是靠近原则；n

30、eithernor是既不也不，是对bothand的否定；谓语是靠近原则；not only but also = bothand 是不仅而且，谓语是靠近原则。 _ you _ I _ (be) workers. We work in the same factory. _ you _ I _ (be) students. We work in different shops. _ you _ he _ (go) to the cinema. I have one ticket here. I can speak _ French _Japanese and am good at them. I

31、can speak _ French _ Japanese. May you teach me them?四、动词1、情态动词的用法及有哪些？(写出13个) can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, need, used to, had better, have to, (ought to) 后面只接动词原形 This book _ be yours. It _ belong to me. Look, my name is on it. A. can, mustnt B. cant, must C. mustnt, mu

32、st D. must, cant - May I leave here now? - No, you _. A. neednt B. dont C. mustnt D. wont -Would you please bring the box here, Jack? - _. Im too busy now. A. Yes, I would B. No, I wouldnt C. Yes, I will D. No, I wont The boys and girls had better _ the words, please listen to me. A. write down B. t

33、o write down C. not write down D. not to write down My brother _ look after me, so he _ play football with you.A. need, mustnt B. needs, cant C. need, cant D. needs, mustnt 注意：1) 当could /would作委婉语气时，它的回答不能用could /would, 用can (cant) /will (wont)回答； 2) must作“必须”时，否定句是mustnt意思是“不准，不能”，否定回答常用neednt /can

34、t；作“肯定，一定”时，用于肯定句，否定句是cant意思是“肯定不是”； 3) can /may均表示请求“可以”，此时二者可互换，回答常用can(cant)，sure, certainly, of course, all right等。 4) should作“应该”时= be supposed to v，Shall we v?表示“.行吗/可以吗？”= Why not do? = Lets v. = What /How about v-ing ? 回答常用Certainly, Of course, Sure, All right, Good idea. 5) 祈使句(肯定或否定)的附加疑问句

35、均可用will you? 肯定还可用will you。但Lets v，用shall we?2、动词的形式 (五种形式) 原形、三人称单数、现在分词、过去式、过去分词(1) 三人称单数的加法 一般加_：visitvisits, needneeds 以_, _, _, _, _结尾加_：gogoes, missmisses, dressdresses, passpasses, fixfixes, fishfishes, finishfinishes, washwashes, watchwatches, teachteaches 元音字母+_直接加_：playplays, paypays, says

36、ays, buybuys, enjoyenjoys 辅音字母+_变_为_加_：studystudies, flyflies, copycopies, drydries, crycries, carrycarries, hurryhurries, worryworries, replyreplies, trytries 以_结尾加_：taketakes, lielies 特殊(2个) have_ be (are /am)_(2) 现在分词的加法 一般加_：visitvisiting, playplaying, worryworrying, teachteaching 以不发音_结尾去_加_：ta

37、ketaking, writewriting （注意ee字母组合或e发音直接加-ing：see_, agree_, be_） 重读闭音节且元音字母+辅音字母双写辅音字母-ing：put_, stop_, swim_, forget_, prefer_ (注意是字母组合或x结尾的不双写直接-ing：show_, throw_, know_, draw_, chew_, fix_, mix_) 以_结尾的变_为_加_：lielying, diedying, tietying(3) 规则的过去式和过去分词的加法 一般加_：needneeded, visitvisited, seemseemed 元音

38、字母+_直接加_：playplayed, enjoyenjoy 辅音字母+_变_为_加_：studystudied, carrycarried, worryworried, hurryhurried, trytried, replyreplied, crycried, tidytidied 重读闭音节且元音字母+辅音字母双写辅音字母-ed：stop_, shop_, drop_, plan_, kid_, fit_, preferpreferred (注意是字母组合或x结尾的不双写直接-ed：snow_, fix_ relax_, mix_) 以不发音的_结尾直接加_：smokesmoked,

39、 smilesmiled, welcome_, agreeagreed 不规则动词98表(背诵) 标*和#有两种形式，即规则和不规则均可，但有*的意思不同，而#一般无区别。原形过去式过去分词意思原形过去式过去分词意思awake醒letbe*liebearlosebeatmakebecomemaybeginmeanblowmeetbreakmistakebringpaybuildputburnreadbuyridecanringcatchrisechooseruncomesaycostseecutselldigsenddo(does)setdrawshake摇动，震动drinkshalldriv

40、eshineeatshowfallshut关(闭)feedsingfeelsitfightsleepfind#smellflyspeakforgetspendfreeze冻，结冰standgetstealgivestick粘,刺,坚持gosweepgrowswim*hangtakehave(has)teachheartellhidethinkhitthrowholdunderstandhurtwakekeepwearknowwilllay放置win#learnwriteleave#dreamlend#spell(4) 动词的ing, -ed的用法区别 -ing表示主动，一般修饰物或表示自身的性

41、质、特征，还表示动作正进行或发生；-ed表示被动，一般修饰人，表状态，表示动作已经完成，二者做状语均表示伴随、时间、原因、方式，但-ing的逻辑主语是主句的主语（主动关系），而-ed的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，而是宾语（即被动关系）。_ leaves 正下落的叶子 _ leaves 落地的叶子I knew a boy _ (call) Jim. They stood by the road, _ (read) books.When _ (heat), water changes into steam(蒸气).I have a friend _ (live) in London. =I have

42、a friend who _ (live) in London.I hate to read letters _ (write) in pencil.I got /had my hair _ (cut) yesterday. I saw a light _ (burn) in the room.There is some money _ (leave). You may save it in the bank.The water washed the rich land away, _ (leave) some sand.(5) ing, (to) v的动词搭配 两种均可且有区别的常用动词(含

43、词组) (写出5个)；1) stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)3) remember to do 记得去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事 (已做)4) try to do尽力，试图做某事。 try doing 试一试，试着做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。go on with 继续某事(原来的事)。= go on doing 6) mean t

44、o do 打算、想 mean doing意味着7) regret to do 遗憾做某事（对没做的事） regret doing 遗憾做了某事（对做过的事）We cant end up the work on time, lets stop _ (grow) the small trees on the hill, so we stopped _ (rest).I remember _ (meet) you at Toms home. You forget _ (see) each other.无区别的常用动词(写出5个) love, like, hate, prefer, begin, start, learn, goShe hates _ (watch) the thriller.注意：本身是进行时时不可用ing形式 只能接-ing的常用动词 (含词组) (写出10个) 1) 直接跟-ing的动词：enjoy, finish, mind, keep, practice, give up,