高三语法专题复习之名词学案

1、高三语法专题复习之名词学案上节回顾：就近原则：就远原则：本节内容导入：一、专有名词名词 个体名词 集体名词 单数 二、普通名词 复合名词 一、 可数名词 物质名词 名词 复数 抽象名词 二、不可数名词本节知识点讲解：定义：名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。一、可数名词变复数1) 一般情况下，直接加-s例如：book-books bag-bags cat-cats bed-beds2) 以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，读作【iz】例如：bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes3) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再

2、加-es.例如：family-families strawberry-strawberries library-libraries dictionary-dictionaries而以“元音字母+y”结尾，直接加s：toy- toys monkey-monkeys4) 以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es，例如：wife-wives life-lives self-selves knife-knives leaf-leaves thief-thieves half-haves self-selves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves wolf-wolves等。巧记忆：

3、勇敢的妻子(wife)，拿了一把刀(knife)，自己(self)把狼(wolf)杀死了，救回小牛(calf)半(half)条命(life)， 又把躲在葡萄架子(shelf)的叶子(leaf)中的小偷(thief)抓住了也有直接加s的单词：roof-roofs belief-beliefs proof-proofs chief-chiefs 5) 以o结尾，大部分情况下直接加s，但是有特殊情况：例如：hero-heroes tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes （英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆） piano-pianos photo-photos6) 特殊变化的名词：例如：ma

4、n-men woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen mouse-mice(老鼠) child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth7) 单复数同形的名词：例如：fish鱼 deer鹿 sheep绵羊 works（工厂） means手段 8) 复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数；例如：passer-by变为 passers-by 过路人 looker-on 变为lookers-by 旁观者注意：一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词，在变复数时与 man, woman 的变化形式相同。例如：

5、 policeman / policemen(警察)， Englishman / Englishmen (英国人) 9) 不同国家的人的单复数A. 以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.例如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等B. 特殊：英国人和法国人要将man变为men例如：Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen巧记：中日瑞士不用变，英法国人man变men，其余一律加s10) 有一些名词只有复数形式：trousers裤子 pan

6、ts裤子 shorts短裤 glasses眼镜 compasses圆规 scales天平 chopsticks 筷子 clothes 衣服 goods 商品，货物 contents 目录 sands 沙滩surroundings 环境 belongings 财产 earnings 收入 manners 礼貌11) 集体名词的数A.集体名词侧重于成员时，表示复数意义，不再变复数形式；侧重整体时表示单数意义例如：class family team public army governmentB.只表示复数意义的集体名词：people人，人们 police警察 cattle牛The group _

7、made up of nine students.The group _dancing happily.The team _ some good players.The team _handsome.My family a big one. All my family in China now. 总结：集体名词做主语，如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，如果看成其中各个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。12) 名词作定语作定语的名词通常用单数；sport 作定语时用复数man 和 woman 作定语时，其单复数根据被修饰词的单复数变化。例如： a boy studentboy studentsa b

8、anana tree banana trees a shoe factory shoe factories sports meeting巩固练习：填入所给名词的正确形式：1) I have two_ (knife)2) There are many _ here. (box)3) There are many _ on the road. (bus)4) A few _ are drawing on the wall. (boy)5) The _ are playing football now. (child)请用括号中名词的复数形式填空：1 Look at those _. (child)

9、2 I can see a _ standing near the door. (policeman)3 Do you want some _ for dinner? (potato)4 In autumn, you can see a lot of _ on the ground.(leaf)5 He has two _.One is blue , the other is yellow.( box)6 Two _ live in this building .( family )写出下列单词的复数：watch _ child _ photo _ diary _day_ foot_ book

10、_ dress _tooth_ sheep _ box_ strawberry _thief _ peach_ sandwich _ man_ woman_ 小结：二、常见不可数名词（必背）：advice（建议） fun （乐趣） homework（家庭作业） information（信息） sugar（糖）fruit（水果） news（新闻） paper （纸） progress（进步） trouble （麻烦）furniture（家具）traffic（交通） weather（天气） wealth（财富）work （工作）value（价值）看似复数实际是不可数名词：news 新闻politi

11、cs 政治maths 数学physics 物理1. No news _ good news. (be)2. I think maths very important.注意：一般说来，抽象名词、物质名词为不可数名词，但当它们表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化。如： 抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉an honor一件引以为荣的事by experience靠经验an experience一次经历youth青春a

12、youth一个青年人with pleasure乐意a pleasure乐事have pity on sb.怜悯某人a pity可惜的事情【典例6】改错：Oh, John. What pleasant surprise you gave us!三、既可作可数又可作不可数的名词： chicken 小鸡 / 鸡肉room 房间 / 空间；位置work 作品/ 工作 paper 论文; 报纸/ 纸 glass 玻璃杯 / 玻璃 time 次；倍 / 时间 wood 树林 / 木头 fish 鱼 / 鱼肉 exercise 练习 / 运动；锻炼light 灯 / 光 fruit (各种)水果 / 水果四

13、、名词的数量修饰语： many/ several a few / few quite a few + 可数名词a number of many a + 单数可数名词 much a large amount of + 不可数名词 a little(little) some、any、enough、plenty of、a lot of + 可数or 不可数名词一）用some或any填空: 1. I can see_ birds in the tree. 2. There isnt_ orange juice in my bottle. Please give me_ . 3. Do you have

14、_ picture-books? No, I dont have_ . But I have_ story-books. 4. Is there_ rice in the bag? No, there isnt_ . 5. Are there_ boys in the classroom? No, but there are_ girls in it. 6. Which one can I take? You may take_ one of them. 7. Would you like_ fruit juice, please? No. Id like_ tea. 8. If you ha

15、ve_ questions, please put up your hands. 9. May I ask you_ questions, Miss Wang? 10. Can you see_ bikes under the tree?小结：二）a few/few/a little/little练习题:1. There is _ water in the glass. Let's go and get some.    A. few           

16、B. much             C. many            D. little2. We still have _ apples in the basket. You dont have to buy any. A. few         B. a few &

17、#160;     C. little        D. a little3. I am new here. So I have _friends here. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little4

18、. Im _ thirsty. Can I get something to drink, mom? A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little5. There is _ money in my pocket, so I cant buy anything now. A. few   

19、      B. a few       C. little        D. a little6. He has_ friends here, he feels lonely (孤独地). A. few         B. a few       C. little

20、0;       D. a little7. I enjoy my life here. I have_ friends and we meet quite often. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little8 The lake is not nea

21、r, so there are _ people going swimming there. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little9. The twins can speak only _ French. A. few       

22、0; B. a few       C. little        D. a little10.Let's go and have a drink. We still have _time before the train leaves. A. few         B. a few       C. little&

23、#160;       D. a little11. Please wait just _ minutes; I'm going to clean myself up. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little12._ people know w

24、here Phillip lives. Only his parents can tell us. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little13. Ladies and gentlemen, I have _ words to say. A. few     &#

25、160;   B. a few       C. little        D. a little14. Can you get here _ earlier next time? A. few         B. a few       C. little    

26、    D. a little15.Now be quiet for _minutes and listen to this. A. few         B. a few       C. little        D. a little16.There is_ ink in my bottle, can you give me_ ink? A. fe

27、w, a few         B. little, a little       C. a little, little        D. a little, a little小结：三）too much(many) 太多too much 修饰不可数名词，还可以用来修饰动词。too many 修饰可数名词的复数形式。much too 是“很、太”的意思，用来修饰形容词或副词。例如：H

28、e shouldnt walk too much.Tom has too many books in his room.This watch is much too dear.1.- You shouldn't eat _ meat because it's bad for your health. - Thanks. And eating a lot will make me look _ fat. Amuch too Btoo much Cmany too Dtoo many 2 - Mum, the soup is _salty. - Sorry, dear. I'

29、;ve put _salt in it, Atoo much; a lot Bmuch too; a lot Cmany too; a lot of D. much too; too much 3. Today，_trees are still being cut down somewhere in the world Amuch too Btoo much Cmany too Dtoo many 4. Look！There's _ice on the lake Atoo much Bmuch too Ca lot D. too many 5. The sweater is very

30、beautiful，but it's _dear Atoo much Bmuch too Cmany Dmore 6. These shoes are much too _for meAbig Bbigger Cbiggest Dthe biggest 注意：too much也可以作为名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如： Too much was happening all at once You have given me too much小结：四）不可数名词不能与数词连用，其数量需要借助一定的单位词表示：1. 借助表示“张”、“块”的单位词a piece of paper 一张纸 a

31、piece of advice 一条建议a piece of news 一条新闻 a piece of chalk 一支粉笔2. 借助表示容量的词a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 a cup of tea 一杯茶a bowl of rice 一碗米饭 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒3. 借助表示重量的词a kilo of salt 一公斤盐 ten tons of coal 十吨煤4. 借助表示形状的词a drop of water 一滴水 a grain of sand 一粒沙注意：“a piece/pair+名词”之类的结构作主语时，其谓语通常与“piece/pair”的

32、数保持一致。例如：There is a piece of bread on the table.桌子上有一片面包。 There are pieces of bread on the table.桌子上有几片面包。总结：如何表示不可数名词的量？五、名词所有格分类构成及用法例句s所有格（表示人或其他有生命的东西的所有格形式）不以s结尾的名词和以s结尾的单数名词在词尾直接加s。Tonys story 汤尼的故事the bosss voice以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加。the students books学生们的书表示几个人共同拥有某人或物时，仅在最后一个名词词尾加s；表示各自所有时，每个名词词尾都要

33、加s。Helen and Janes mother海伦和简的母亲 (两人共同的母亲)Helens and Janes mothers 海伦的母亲和简的母亲(两人各自的母亲，两个母亲)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。my aunts 我姑姑家the barbers 理发店表示具体的时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加s构成所有格。a weeks time 一周的时间Chinas population 中国的人口of所有格表示无生命的东西的所有格形式。the legs of the desk 桌腿双重所有格of + s所有格a dog of

34、my neighbors 我邻居的狗of名词性物主代词a friend of mine 我的一个朋友注意：要特别记忆下列用to表示的所有格： the key to the lock，the key to the door，the key to the question，the answer to the question，the lid (盖子)to the boxthe entrance to the weddingthe solution to the problem【典例精析】1. My _ skirt is on the chair. A. sistersB. sister C. si

35、stersD. sisters2. Whose room is this? Its _. A. Lucy and LilyB. Lucy and Lilys C. Lucys and Lilys3. _ fathers cant go to the class meeting because they have gone to business. A. Jack and MikesB. Jacks and Mikes C. Jack and MikeD. Jacks and Mike4. How far is your home from school? Its about two _ wal

36、k. A. hoursB. hours C. hoursD. hour小结：六、构词法名词动词变名词主要的几种后缀（1） 后加-(t)ion,表示“行为或状态”。如：action，collection，suggestion，invitation，information，instruction，exhibition，attraction，pollution，solution（2） 后加-ment,表示“行为或结果”。如：achievement，management，amusement，requirement，statement，development，equipment，disagreement

37、，advertisement，appointment（3） 后加-er /or,表示“.的人”。如：reporter，waiter，interviewer，player，winner，farmer，learner，actor，visitor，collector，director，inventor（4） 后加-ant,表示“.的人”。如：assistant，attendant，servant，merchant（5） 后加-ist,表示“.专家，从事.的人”。如：tourist，violinist，pianist，artist，scientist（6） 后加-ian/-an,表示“有.特征的，专长

38、于.的人”。如：musician，historian，physician（7） 后加-ice,表示“行为，性质，状态”。如：notice，justice，service，choice（8） 后加-dom,表示“集体，领域，状态”。如：freedom，kingdom，wisdom高考精萃1Why not buy a second­hand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one?That's a good _ (suggest)2Her _ (motive) for writing was a des

39、ire for women to get the right to higher education.3Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _(patient)4While she was in Paris, she developed a _ (tasty) for fine art.5My first _(impress)of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.6Why do you choose to work in an intern

40、ational travel agency?Well, you know, English is my _(strong)So it is my best choice.7You'd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _(refer)8Your _(perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.9Giving up my job to go back

41、to full­time education was a big _(commit), but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.10. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional_(competent)11I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_(recognize)

42、12. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide _(accommodate) for the homeless families.13The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any direct _(solve)答案与解析1suggestion句意：如果你没有足够的钱买辆新车的话，为什么不先买辆二手车呢？那个建议不错。根据句子结构可推知设空处需用名词形式

43、，设空处前有不定冠词，故设空处填suggestion。2motivation句意：她写作的动机是渴望为妇女争取接受高等教育的权利。形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，此外后面的谓语动词为was，故设空处需用名词单数形式。3patience句意：每当我犯错时，老师都会耐心地把它们指出来。设空处前面为介词with，故应填写名词patience(耐心)。4taste句意：在巴黎期间，她培养了对美术的兴趣。冠词a后加名词，故填taste。5impression句意：我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。my first 修饰名词，所以填impress 的名词形式。6strength句意：你为什么

44、选择在国际旅行社工作？噢，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此这是我最好的选择。my 后接名词，所以此处填strong的名词形式，strength 长处。7reference句意：为了以后参考，你最好记下那个饭馆的电话号码。reference 参考。8performance句意：如果你能养成一种经常思考如何学习的习惯，那作为一名学生，你的表现会很优秀。设空处前面是形容词性物主代词your，故此处应填动词perform 的名词形式performance(表现)。9commitment句意：放弃工作重返校园接受全日制的教育对我来说是个很大的投入，但现在我知道这是我做过的最好的决定。冠词修饰名词，故填com

45、mitment(承诺，许诺，保证；已承诺或同意的事)。10competence句意：教师必须不断地更新自己的知识来保持专业能力。设空处前面是形容词，故需要填一个名词competence(能力，技能)。11recognition句意：从Sara 还是个小女孩时起，我就没再见过她，她现在已经变得让我认不出了。beyond 为介词后加名词，故填recognition 认出，承认。12accommodation句意：地震之后，当地政府做的第一件事是为无家可归的家庭提供住处。由语境(After the earthquake) 可知，对the homeless families 首先应当提供的是住处。pr

46、ovide 后接名词作宾语，故填accommodation。13solution句意：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。设空处前面有动词give，故需要填一个名词solution(解决方法)来作give 的宾语。课堂总结：家庭作业一、用所给词的适当形式填空1. After living in Quanzhou for five years, she has developed quite an _(affect) for the city.2If a young man wants the _(flexible) to move to a different

47、city in future years, he should keep renting instead of buying a house.3Mr. Li has some trouble sleeping, so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common _.(practise)4We've been destroying lots of forests every year.What a shame! We'll be the _(victim) of our own fo

48、olish behavior.5The police are trying to find out the _(identify) of the woman murdered in the bathroom.6He didn't make an appearance at all in yesterday's _(negotiate). What happened to him?7I'm going to Appleby tomorrow.What a _(coincident)! I'm going up there too.8How can I take t

49、he medicine, sir?Just follow the _(direct) on the bottle.9A sense of _ (devote) is the basic requirement for people working in the service industry, such as education and health care.10Are you prepared for the coming interview?Of course. After all, some questions can be beyond _(expect) and difficul

50、t to answer.答案与解析1affection句意：在泉州居住了五年后，她已经完全喜欢上了这个城市。affection 喜爱，钟爱。2flexibility句意：如果一个年轻人想要在未来的几年里可以随意搬到不同的城市，他应该租房而不是买房。flexibility 弹性，灵活性。3practice句意：李先生睡眠有些问题，所以每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他的惯例。practice 惯常做法，常规。common practice 惯例。4victims句意：我们每年都破坏大量森林。太可惜了！我们会成为自己这种愚蠢行为的受害者。注意主语we 表示复数，故答案也需是复数形式。5identity句意：警

51、方正试图弄清浴室里被谋杀女人的身份。冠词后需为名词，本空应填identity 身份。6negotiation句意：昨天的谈判上他根本没有露面，发生什么事了？根据yesterday's 可知，设空处需要填一个名词，故答案是negotiation (协商、谈判)。7coincidence句意：我明天打算去阿普比。太巧了！我也打算去那里。本题考查名词。冠词后需用名词形式。8directions句意：医生，这个药怎么服用？就遵照瓶子上的说明即可。directions 用法说明，follow the directions 遵循说明。9devotion句意：对于从事像教育、医疗这样的服务业的人们来

52、说，具有奉献意识是最基本的要求。设空处的前面是介词of，故应填名词devotion(奉献，忠心)。10expectation句意：你准备好即将到来的面试了吗？当然准备好了。毕竟一些问题可能会出乎意料，很难回答。beyond expectation 出乎意料。二、完形填空 I have two friends who love backpacking. They spent a lot of time in a part of New York State's Adirondack Mountains. It 21 46 mountains with a height of over 4

53、,000 feet. The Adirondack Mountain Club gives 22 recognition, and an award, to anyone who 23 all 46 mountains. My two friends decided to go for this award. Now what you have to understand is that 24 many of the 46 mountains have well-marked 25 to their summits (山顶), others are not marked at all. You

54、 have to "bushwhack (在丛林中开路)" using a compass and a map. My friends had climbed 45 of the mountains. They had just one 26 it was the most 27 requiring bushwhacking. A hiking path led past the base of the mountain, but from that point they were on their own. Early one morning they left thei

55、r 28 and walked five miles on the hiking path to the base of a chain of mountains. When they arrived, they 29 that they had left their compass and map back in camp. Rather than 30 the camp, they decided to bushwhack without the compass and map. For hours they 31 uphill enduring heat, thick bush, and

56、 black flies. 32 , late in the afternoon they found themselves at the 33 of a mountain successfully. They were exhausted but 34 . The feeling was short-lived, however. When they looked across the valley, they 35 another higher mountain. They had climbed the 36 one! It was too 37 that weekend to put their error