托福阅读讲义

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上托福阅读第二课4. reference 指代题文章中指示词所指的对象，既可以是单独的名词，也可以是句子、文章等。难度不大，所以一不要丢分，二要节约时间基本题型构成：The word xxx in the passage refers to .The phrase xxx in the passage refers to .Case exampleRead the passage and answer the questions.Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and bacteria produce the

2、sustenance they need in order to live. This complex phenomenon involves the conversion of light energy derived from the sun into chemical energy. When light energy acts on the carbon dioxide and water that plants draw in from the atmosphere and soil, it causes a reaction that alters their chemical c

3、omposition. One product of this reaction is the creation of carbohydrates, including glucose and starch. Another is the release of oxygen. Animal life on the planet relies on both of these products for survival. Oxygen is essential for animal respiration, while the carbohydrates stored in plants pro

4、vide the basis of the food chain upon which all animal organisms depend.l The word their in the passage refers toA. plants and bacteriaB. carbon dioxide and waterC. atmosphere and soilD. glucose and starchl The word Another in the passage refers to A. conversion of light energy B. chemical compositi

5、onC. creation of carbohydratesD. product of this reactionCliffs are large, vertical rock faces commonly found in mountain ranges, on coastlines and in river valleys. Many cliffs are formed either by the impact of waves or flowing rivers, or through a sudden landslide caused by geological activity. H

6、owever, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Earth, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.l The word which in the passage refers toA Earth B glacial ice C Mount Thor D Baffin Island例题分析：1. 指示代词：最常见的题型；所有的指示代词都会出现，特别是指代人的they,

7、 their, them等和指代物的it, its出现的次数比较多。2. 不定代词：another/some/any/all/both3. 关系代词：此类题型中，先行词就是指代对象，但在先行词和关系代词之间会插入一些词句，注意不要将二者弄混。However, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Earth, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.Smart solutio

8、n: 阅读中理解指示词的意义是解决问题的关键仔细查看指示词所在的句子或者其前面的句子1. 指代对象出现在指示词句子内部（概率很高）When light energy acts on the carbon dioxide and water that plants draw in from the atmosphere and soil, it causes a reaction that alters their chemical composition.However, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Ea

9、rth, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.2. 指代对象出现在前面文章中：（两个句子是并列关系）One product of this reaction is the creation of carbohydrates, including glucose and starch. Another is the release of oxygen.牢记多种指示词的用法一般来说，指示代词在指示词题型中经常出现，但是也有多种不定代词和指示形容词经常构成

10、名词或者句子来使用。所以平时就要多熟记这些用法灵活的指示词。1. 互为对立的不定代词/不定形容词Some/others; one/ another; the former/the latter2. 多样的不定代词All/some/neither/either/both/each3. 指示形容词，定冠词定冠词the 前面的内容一般都是已经提到过的，所以和名词一起构成指示词出现。This/these e.g. this influence, these influencesThat/those e.g. that problem, those problemsSuch/the e.g. such

11、options, the conclusion熟记具有代表性的错误题型1. 和指示词距离较远的选项一般很可能有错误2. 把选项放入指示词的位置，这样可以降低错误概率（观察句子是否流畅）5. simplification 句子简化问题考察用更加简洁的表达方式来进行重述的能力每段短文一般有一个此类型题基本题型构成：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the me

12、aning in important ways or leave out essential information.Case exampleRead the passage and answer the questions.It is widely assumed that at any location, the sun is at its highest point in the sky at noon. But strictly speaking this is incorrect, as the practise “highest point” differs slightly fo

13、r each specific longitude. Instead, the world is divided up into 24 different longitudinal time zones, where the “standard time” in each differs from its neighbours by one hour. The reason daily life operates according to standard time zones is that it would be incredibly complicated and impractical

14、 for every place on Earth to keep its own specific time, and so localized times are only used by scientists for the purpose of observing particular astronomical phenomena.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choic

15、es change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. It is a lot more practical and straightforward to use standard time zones for daily life rather than specific localized times.B. Localized times are generally only employed by astronomers, while everyone else uses standard

16、 time zones to avoid confusion and complexity.C. Certain astronomical phenomenon are difficult for scientists in slightly different locations to track unless they use particular localized times.D. Except in the field of astronomy, everybody operates according to standard time zones rather than using

17、 particular times for each individual location.例题分析：30-50 15对比：while考察目的：1. 是否准确理解文章的意思（复杂的句型或复杂句）2. 考查paraphrase的能力Smart solution: 句子简化题不只是选择和阴影文章内容一致的选项。由于错误答案也包含了一部分文章内容，所以一定要培养总结主要内容的能力，同时也要训练用简单的词句概括文章内容的能力。l 按顺序训练1. 慢慢理解所给文章内容，找出核心信息（省略关系从句、同位语从句、举例等次要内容）2. 利用排除法，找出最接近的信息3. 如果出现迷惑选项，仔细判断包含了正确的

18、核心信息的选项（看哪个更接近）l 利用句型结构 训练各种句型之间的转换1. The problem is that .One potential problem is that employers may feel threatened by the introduction of a comprehensive performance evaluation system.Bringing in a new performance review system might make workers uncomfortable.2. whereasMany younger students pre

19、fer to acquire knowledge through kinesthetic learning, meaning that they physically carry out activities, whereas older people are often more accustomed to verbal learning.The young learn through physical activities but the old get knowledge through words.3. reasoning that .Many scientists initially

20、 believed that the recent global warming trend was a natural phenomenon, reasoning that human activities could not possibly be substantial enough to impact on the atmospheric conditions of the entire planet.scientists thought global warming was natural because they assumed humans could not cause tha

21、t much damage.l 熟记具有代表性的错误类型1. 和所给文章内容不符C. Certain astronomical phenomenon are difficult for scientists in slightly different locations to track unless they use particular localized times. unless 前面的内容在原文中根本没有2. 遗漏所给文章中的核心信息A. It is a lot more practical and straightforward to use standard time zones

22、 for daily life rather than specific localized times. 省略了当地时间在天文学中的价值D. Except in the field of astronomy, everybody operates according to standard time zones rather than using particular times for each individual location. 虽然已经很接近答案，但是遗漏了标准时间的使用价值6. Summary 总结问题类似于simplification 句子简化问题Summary就是找出整篇文

23、章的核心内容，然后进行缩写题目中给出第一句，6道选项，选出3项符合文章大意的正确选项每篇文章最后一题问题形式：Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the

24、summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Introductory SentenceCrop rotationTwo millennia ago, farmers had begun to realize that continuously cultivating the same crop on the same plot of land inevitab

25、ly resulted in diminished soil fertility and dwindling yields eventually, this inefficiency meant that the land has to be left vacant to allow for soil regeneration. In order to overcome this problem, farmers in the Roman Empire established a system of seasonal crop rotation, which then spread throu

26、ghout the known world. Under this system, different types of crops were grown on a revolving basis. Once farmers had established the best sequence and timing of these rotations, they were able to cultivate the land all-year-round, hugely improving overall productivity.Crop rotation was effective bec

27、ause it helped keep soil balanced and healthy. Farming the same type of crop depleted the soil of particular nutrients, leaving it less fertile for future cycles. However, under the crop rotation system, different plants could help to replace certain nutrients that had been removed from the soil. Th

28、is left it replenished and able to support future crop cycles. Moreover, farmers could control the spread of pathogens and pests in the soil by using crop rotation. This benefit occurred because pests and pathogens secialize in attacking certain plant species. Therefore, when new crops were planted,

29、 they were unable to establish a significant long-term presence.Crop rotation remained the dominant farming method for several centruries, until the use of synthesized fertilizers became widespread in developed contries in the 20th century. Because fertilizers could artificially replenish soils, mos

30、t farmers stoppped rotating crops and began specializing in one high yield species. However, many now realize that monoculture farming can lead to catastrophic crop failures and environmental problems. Accordingly, there is a growing movement back towards traditional crop rotation.Directions: An int

31、roductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage

32、or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Around 2,000 years ago, farmers began rotating crop species, rather than repeatedly cultivating the same crop, in order to improve farming productivity.ll l A. The crop rotation system originated in the Roman Empire before spreading

33、 to many other parts of the globe.B. One of the main reasons the crop rotation system was effective was that it eliminated barren periods, allowing for continuous agricultural production.C. Crop rotation keeps the soil fertile by preventing both nutrient depletion and the spread of diseases and pest

34、s.D. By rotating crops on a seasonal basis, farmers were able to grow crops that were better suited to the prevailing climatic conditions.E. With artificial fertilizers widely available, many farmers abandoned crop rotation so as to focus on one lucrative crop, but this approach is considered unsust

35、ainable.F. Owing to crop failures and other environmental problems, farmers began searching for alternatives to the crop rotation method in the twentieth century.例题分析1. 先不用在意选项的顺序；仔细观察所给题目要求，选择和给出的“引导句”衔接自然的核心部分（the most important ideas）即为正确答案。 其他选项可能是文章中没有的内容（not presented in the passage）, 以及次要信息（m

36、inor ideas）, 也就是错误答案。2. 文中讲述的是农业中的轮种(crop rotation)内容， 因为文章主要涉及了轮种开始的背景、优点、最近动向等， 所以B是轮种开始的理由；C 是轮种的优点， E 是使用化学肥料而造成的轮种最近动向Smart solution:理解全文内容才能解答； 分值高；相对难度大；解题时间长；问题总是在最后出现；时间紧迫活用引导句引导句就是main idea; 选项就是引导句内容的扩展supporting detailAround 2,000 years ago, farmers began rotating crop species, rather than repeatedly cu