美国法学会《侵权法重述第三次责任分担》（中英文对照参考译本）

1、    美国法学会侵权法重述第三次责任分担（中英文对照参考译本）                             Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts: Apportionment of Liability（Rule Sections）

2、 Copyright © 2000 by The American Law Institute 译者说明：本文系作者参与2006年中国法学会部级法学研究课题“中国侵权责任法立法研究”（立项编号：CLS（2006）YB14）过程中，为学习和研究目的而进行的翻译。本文件仅供个人学习、研究之用，仅供参考，请勿作他用，后果自负。本文件部分条文的翻译参考了许传玺、石宏等译侵权法重述纲要（法律出版社2006年版）1-4、7、8、10-12、14-17、23、26条条文和相应条文的部分“COMMENTS & ILLUSTRATIONS”、“REPORTERS NOTES

3、”的译文，特此致谢。相关译文具体细节请参见注释。第一题：比较责任的基本规则Topic 1- Basic Rules of Comparative Responsibility第一条 本重述所涉及的问题与诉因本重述讨论在两位或多位责任人之间分配责任的问题。本重述适用于关于死亡、人身损害（包括精神损害或配偶权），或对有形财产的物理伤害的所有主张（包括法律诉讼与和解），无论其责任基础如何。1 Issues and Causes of Action Addressed by This RestatementThis Restatement addresses issues of apportionin

4、g liability among two or more persons. It applies to all claims （including lawsuits and settlements） for death, personal injury （including emotional distress or consortium）, or physical damage to tangible property, regardless of the basis of liability.第二条 责任的合同性限制在合同法、诉讼请求的实体法规则和可适用的解释规则允许的情况下，原告与他人

5、之间免除该他人对未来伤害负责的合同，将阻碍原告从该他人处获得对该伤害的赔偿。与原告的过失不同，一项有效的合同性责任限制并不构成事实调查人向任何当事人或他人分配责任份额的理由。2 Contractual Limitations on LiabilityWhen permitted by contract law, substantive law governing the claim, and applicable rules of construction, a contract between the plaintiff and another person absolving the pe

6、rson from liability for future harm bars the plaintiff,s recovery from that person for the harm. Unlike a plaintiff,s negligence, a valid contractual limitation on liability does not provide an occasion for the factfinder to assign a percentage of responsibility to any party or other person.第三条 定义原告

7、过失的各种严格学说均已被废止原告的过失应依据适用于被告过失的标准来定义。特别适用于定义原告过失的各种严格学说均已被废止。3 Ameliorative Doctrines for Defining Plaintiffs Negligence AbolishedPlaintiff,s negligence is defined by the applicable standard for a defendant,s negligence. Special ameliorative doctrines for defining plaintiff,s negligence are abolished

8、.第四条 对原告过失和法律原因的证明被告负有证明原告过失的举证责任，并可采用原告为证明被告过失可以采用的任何方法。除本重述第五题另有规定外，被告亦负有举证责任证明原告过失如果原告存在任何过失构成原告所受损害的一项法律原因。4 Proof of Plaintiffs Negligence and Legal CausationThe defendant has the burden to prove plaintiff,s negligence, and may use any of the methods a plaintiff may use to prove defendant,s neg

9、ligence. Except as otherwise provided in Topic 5, the defendant also has the burden to prove that the plaintiff,s negligence, if any, was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s damages.第五条 可归责于原告的过失假设原告是被告的角色，他人的过失便可以归责于他的话，那么该他人的过失可归责于原告。除非该他人的过失不是仅仅因为原告对机动车享有的所有权，或对该他人使用该机动车的许可而归责于原告。5 Negligence Impute

10、d to a PlaintiffThe negligence of another person is imputed to a plaintiff whenever the negligence of the other person would have been imputed had the plaintiff been a defendant, except the negligence of another person is not imputed to a plaintiff solely because of the plaintiff,s ownership of a mo

11、tor vehicle or permission for its use by the other person. 第六条 当原告获得的赔偿派生于一项被告对第三人实施了侵权行为的主张和包含于基于遗存诉因法的主张时，过失可归责于原告（a）当原告声称一项派生于被告对第三人实施侵权行为的主张时，在该项主张中该第三人的过失可归责于原告。原告的赔偿额同样因为其自身的过失而被减少。（b）根据遗存诉因法，遗产被继承人（生前）的过失在其生存时对其赔偿额影响的同样范围内，影响遗产可获得的赔偿额。遗产受益人的过失不能仅仅因为受益人作为受益人的法律地位而归责于财产。6 Negligence Imputed to

12、a Plaintiff When the Plaintiff,s Recovery Derives from a Claim That the Defendant Committed a Tort Against a Third Person and in Claims Under Survival Statutes（a） When a plaintiff asserts a claim that derives from the defendant,s tort against a third person, negligence of the third person is imputed

13、 to the plaintiff with respect to that claim. The plaintiff,s recovery is also reduced by the plaintiff,s own negligence.（b） The negligence of an estate,s decedent affects the estate,s recovery under a survival statute to the same extent that it would have affected the decedent,s recovery had the de

14、cedent survived. The negligence of a beneficiary of the decedent,s estate is not imputed to the estate merely because of the beneficiary,s status as a beneficiary.第七条 在原告遭受不可分损害时原告过失的效力若原告的过失（或原告应为其过失负责的其他人的过失）构成原告遭受的不可分伤害的一项法律原因，则原告的所获得的赔偿额将依据事实调查人分配给原告（或原告应为其过失负责的该他人）的责任份额相应比例地减少。7 Effect of Plain

15、tiffs Negligence When Plaintiff Suffers an Indivisible InjuryPlaintiff,s negligence （or the negligence of another person for whose negligence the plaintiff is responsible） that is a legal cause of an indivisible injury to the plaintiff reduces the plaintiff,s recovery in proportion to the share of r

16、esponsibility the factfinder assigns to the plaintiff （or other person for whose negligence the plaintiff is responsible）.第八条 分配责任份额时应考虑的因素向法律责任已被确定的各方分配责任百分比时应考虑的因素包括：（a）该方造成风险之行为的性质，包括任何对该行为所造成风险的认识或漠视，以及任何对该行为所造成伤害的意图；及（b）该方造成风险之行为与该伤害之间因果关系的强度。8 Factors for Assigning Shares of ResponsibilityFact

17、ors for assigning percentages of responsibility to each person whose legal responsibility has been established include（a） the nature of the person,s risk-creating conduct, including any awareness or indifference with respect to the risks created by the conduct and any intent with respect to the harm

18、 created by the conduct； and（b） the strength of the causal connection between the person,s risk-creating conduct and the harm.第九条 判决的抵销如果同一诉讼中的双方当事人都相互负有责任，那么各方都有权抵消对方享有的任何（相应）赔偿额；除非一方或双方都有责任保险，那么抵消不会减少责任保险人应支付的金额，适用的法律规范或制定法另有规定的除外。9 Offsetting JudgmentsIf two parties are liable to each other in th

19、e same suit, each party is entitled to a setoff of any recovery owed by the other party, except that, in cases in which one or both of the parties has liability insurance, setoff does not reduce the payment of a liability insurer unless an applicable rule of law or statute so provides. 第二题：数个侵权行为人对不

20、可分伤害的责任Topic 2- Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible Harm第十条 连带责任的效力当依据适用的法律，有多人对某一受害人承担连带责任时，该受害人可以起诉任一负连带责任者并从该人处获得可获得的全部损害赔偿。10 Effect of Joint and Several Liability When, under applicable law, some persons are jointly and severally liable to an injured person, the injured person may

21、 sue for and recover the full amount of recoverable damages from any jointly and severally liable person.第十一条 单独责任的效力当依据适用的法律，某人对受害人的不可分损害承担单独责任时，该受害人仅可以获得该负单独责任者在该受害人应得赔偿额中的比较责任份额。11 Effect of Several LiabilityWhen, under applicable law, a person is severally liable to an injured person for an indi

22、visible injury, the injured person may recover only the severally liable person,s comparative-responsibility share of the injured person,s damages.第十二条 故意侵权行为人每个实施以故意为要件的侵权行为的人，均应对该侵权行为作为法律原因造成的任何不可分损害承担连带责任。12 Intentional TortfeasorsEach person who commits a tort that requires intent is jointly and

23、 severally liable for any indivisible injury legally caused by the tortious conduct.第十三条 替代责任无论对导致不可分损害的独立侵权行为人适用的规则是连带责任或者单独责任，基于他人侵权性的行为而承担责任的人，对分配给该他人的整个比较责任份额承担责任。13 Vicarious LiabilityA person whose liability is imputed based on the tortious acts of another is liable for the entire share of com

24、parative responsibility assigned to the other, regardless of whether joint and several liability or several liability is the governing rule for independent tortfeasors who cause an indivisible injury.第十四条 因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对原告提供保护而承担责任的侵权行为人因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对他人提供保护而承担责任的一方，应在分配给他的比较责任份额之外，对分配给故意侵权行为人的比

25、较责任份额承担连带责任。14 Tortfeasors Liable for Failure to Protect the Plaintiff from the Specific Risk of an Intentional TortA person who is liable to another based on a failure to protect the other from the specific risk of an intentional tort is jointly and severally liable for the share of comparative res

26、ponsibility assigned to the intentional tortfeasor in addition to the share of comparative responsibility assigned to the person.第十五条 共同行为人当多人因共同行为而承担责任时，所有各方应对分配给参与该共同行为的每一方的比较责任份额承担连带责任。15 Persons Acting in ConcertWhen persons are liable because they acted in concert, all persons are jointly and s

27、everally liable for the share of comparative responsibility assigned to each person engaged in concerted activity.第十六条对连带责任人之责任所做部分和解的效力原告可从一负连带责任的侵权行为人处获得的赔偿应减去应分配给另一已和解，否则将对负连带责任的其他未和解被告承担分摊责任的侵权行为人的比较赔偿份额。该已和解侵权行为人的比较赔偿份额是分配给该已和解侵权行为人的比较责任份额与原告赔偿总额的乘积。16 Effect of Partial Settlement on Jointly an

28、d Severally Liable Tortfeasors LiabilityThe plaintiff,s recoverable damages from a jointly and severally liable tortfeasor are reduced by the comparative share of damages attributable to a settling tortfeasor who otherwise would have been liable for contribution to jointly and severally liable defen

29、dants who do not settle. The settling tortfeasor,s comparative share of damages is the percentage of comparative responsibility assigned to the settling tortfeasor multiplied by the total damages of the plaintiff.第十七条 独立侵权行为人的连带责任或单独责任如有两人或多人的独立侵权行为构成某一不可分损害的法律原因，将由该案司法管辖区的法律确定这些侵权人应否承担连带责任、单独责任或连带责

30、任与单独责任的某种混合责任形态。17 Joint and Several or Several Liability for Independent TortfeasorsIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, the law of the applicable jurisdiction determines whether those persons are jointly and severally liable, several

31、ly liable, or liable under some hybrid of joint and several and several liability.路径A：连带责任Track A - Joint and Several LiabilityA路径第18条 数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因，那么每个人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损害赔偿承担连带责任。A18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious cond

32、uct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each person is jointly and severally liable for the recoverable damages caused by the tortious conduct.A路径第19条 责任分配：负连带责任的被告如果一个被告和至少另一方当事人或者和解侵权行为人可能被事实调查人确认曾经参与了作为一不可分损害法律原因的侵权行为，上述每一方与和解侵权行为人都需遵从于由事实调查人分配的比较责任份额。A19 Assignment

33、of Responsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable DefendantsIf one defendant and at least one other party or settling tortfeasor may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each such party and settling tortfeasor is submitted to t

34、he factfinder for assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.A路径第20条 无此条可适用于该路径A20 Not Applicable to This Track.A路径第21条 无此条可适用于该路径A21 Not Applicable to This Track.路径B：单独责任Track B - Several LiabilityB路径第18条 数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上人的独立侵权行为均构成一不可分损害的法律原因，每个人均对事实调查人分配给该人的原告损害赔偿的比较责任份额承担单

35、独责任，适用本重述第12条例外规定的除外。B18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf two or more persons, independent tortious conduct is the legal cause of an indivisible injury, each defendant, subject to the exception stated in §12, is severally liable for the comparative share of the plaintiff

36、,s damages assigned to that defendant by the factfinder.B路径第19条 责任分配：负单独责任的被告如果一名或者多名被告可能对一不可分损害承担单独责任，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方当事人、和解侵权行为人，或者特定人可能被事实调查人确定曾参与了作为受害人损害法律原因侵权行为，上述当事人、和解侵权行为人和特定人都遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。B19 Assignment of Responsibility: Severally Liable DefendantsIf one or more defendants may be held s

37、everally liable for an indivisible injury, and at least one defendant and one other party, settling tortfeasor, or identified person may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury, each such party, settling tortfeasor, and other id

38、entified person is submitted to the factfinder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.B路径第20条 无此条可适用于该路径B20 Not Applicable to This Track.B路径第21条 无此条可适用于该路径B21 Not Applicable to This Track.路径C：结合再分配的连带责任Track C - Joint and Several Liability with ReallocationC路径第18条 数个侵权行为人对不可

39、分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因，那么根据本重述C路径第21条规定的再分配条款，每个人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损害赔偿承担连带责任。C18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each person is jointly and severally liable for the re

40、coverable damages caused by the tortious conduct, subject to the reallocation provision of §C21.C路径第19条 责任分配：负连带责任的被告如果存在一个被告和至少一个另一方、和解侵权行为人或如本重述C路径第20条（a）所描述的，其比较责任在法律上与原告不可分损害的责任分配有关的雇主，可能被事调查人发现参与了作为原告损害的一个法律原因的请求行为的每一方、每个和解侵权行为人和每个由本重述C路径第20条（a）许可的雇主，均需遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。C19 Assignment of R

41、esponsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable DefendantsIf one defendant and at least one other party, settling tortfeasor, or employer described in §C20（a） whose comparative responsibility is legally relevant to apportioning liability for the plaintiff,s indivisible injury exist, each party, eac

42、h settling tortfeasor, and, as permitted by §C20（a）, each employer who may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury is submitted to the fact-finder for assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.C路径第20条 分配给免责雇主

43、的责任的效力如果一方宣称原告的雇主对原告的损害负有一定的责任（，那么）：（a）如果该司法辖区适用的法律允许基于雇主的比较责任对可获得损害赔偿的减少，否则免于被作为原告的雇员起诉，或者允许被告对雇主的分摊主张，雇主可能被分配一定份额的比较责任，并且：（i）对可获得损害赔偿的减少为适用的法律所允许；或（ii）分摊的裁定为适用法律和雇主的比较责任所允许。（b）如果该司法辖区适用的法律不允许基于雇主的比较责任减少可获得损害赔偿，或（不允许）对雇主提出分摊主张，则不能向雇主分配比较责任份额。C20 Effect of Responsibility Assigned to Immune EmployerI

44、f a party alleges that the plaintiff,s employer bears some responsibility for the plaintiff,s injury:（a） If the applicable law of the jurisdiction permits a reduction of recoverable damages based on the comparative responsibility of an employer otherwise immune from suit by the plaintiff-employee or

45、 permits a contribution claim by a defendant against the employer, the employer may be assigned a percentage of comparative responsibility and: （i） the recoverable damages are reduced as permitted by the applicable law； or （ii） contribution is awarded as permitted by the applicable law and the emplo

46、yer,s comparative responsibility.（b） If the applicable law of the jurisdiction does not permit either a reduction of recoverable damages based on the comparative responsibility of an employer or a contribution claim against the employer, the employer may not be assigned a percentage of comparative r

47、esponsibility.C路径第21条 基于裁决不可执行的赔偿再分配（a）除非如本条（b）款所规定，如果一个被告确认有关其分摊请求权的判决不可能从另一个被告那里完全受偿，法院将按照包括原告在内的其他各方被分配的比较责任份额，向他们重新分配赔偿金中不能受偿的部分。（b）按照本条（a）款进行的重新分配，不适用于任何依据本重述第十二条（故意侵权行为人）或者第十五条（共同行为人）承担连带责任的被告。任何依据本重述第十三条（替代责任）或者第十四条（因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对原告提供保护而承担责任的侵权行为人）而对分配给他人的比较过错份额承担法律责任的被告，不应接受的基于上述条款的责任的重新分

48、配。C21 Reallocation of Damages Based on Unenforceability of Judgment（a）Except as provided in Subsection （b）, if a defendant establishes that a judgment for contribution cannot be collected fully from another defendant, the court reallocates the uncollectible portion of the damages to all other partie

49、s, including the plaintiff, in proportion to the percentages of comparative responsibility assigned to the other parties.（b） Reallocation under Subsection （a） is not available to any defendant subject to joint and several liability pursuant to §12 （intentional tortfeasors） or §15 （persons

50、acting in concert）. Any defendant legally liable for the share of comparative fault assigned to another person pursuant to §13 （vicarious liability） or §14 （tortfeasors who fail to protect the plaintiff from the specific risk of an intentional tort） may not obtain reallocation of the liabi

51、lity imposed by those Sections.路径D：基于比较责任份额界限的混合责任Track D - Hybrid Liability Based on Threshold Percentage of Comparative Responsibility D路径第18条 数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因，每个被分配等于或者超过法律规定界限比例比较责任的被告负连带责任，每个被分配少于法律规定界限比例比较责任的被告负单独责任，适用本重述第十二条（故意侵权行为人）规定的除外。D18 Liability of Multiple

52、 Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each defendant who is assigned a percentage of comparative responsibility equal to or in excess of the legal threshold is jointly and severally liable, and each defe

53、ndant who is assigned a percentage of comparative responsibility below the legal threshold is, subject to the exception in §12 （intentional tortfeasors）, severally liable.D路径第19条 责任分配：负连带责任的被告与负单独责任的被告（a）如果一名或者多名被告可能对一不可分损害承担单独责任，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方当事人、和解侵权行为人，或者特定人可能被事实调查人确定曾参与了作为受害人损害法律原因侵权行为，上述当事

54、人、和解侵权行为人和特定人都遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。（b）如果对所有被告均只能对一不可分损害适用连带责任，可能被事实调查人发现参与了作为原告损害的法律原因的侵权行为的每一方和每一和解侵权行为人都需遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。D19 Assignment of Responsibility: Both Jointly and Severally Liable and Severally Liable Defendants（a）If one or more defendants may be held severally liable for an indivisible in

55、jury, and at least one defendant and one other party, settling tortfeasor, or identified person may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury, each such party, settling tortfeasor, and other identified person is submitted to the f

56、actfinder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.（b）If all defendants can only be held jointly and severally liable for an indivisible injury, each party and each settling tortfeasor who may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal caus

57、e of the plaintiff,s injury are submitted to the fact-finder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.D路径第20条 无此条可适用于该路径D20 Not Applicable to This Track.D路径第21条 无此条可适用于该路径D21 Not Applicable to This Track.路径E：基于赔偿种类的混合责任Track E - Hybrid Liability Based on Type of Damages 4 E路径第

58、18条 数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任如果一个或多个人的独立侵权行为构成一不可分伤害的法律原因，每个被告均对可获得损害赔偿中的经济损害部分承担连带责任，依据本重述第十二条（故意侵权行为人）和第十五条（共同行为人）的除外；对该被告的非经济损害部分的比较份额承担单独责任。E18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible HarmIf the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each

59、defendant is jointly and severally liable for the economic-damages portion of the recoverable damages and, subject to the exceptions stated in §12 （intentional tortfeasors） and §15 （persons acting in concert）, is severally liable for that defendant,s comparative share of the noneconomic damages.E路径第19条 责任分配：对经济损害的连带责任以及对非经济赔偿的单独责任（a）当原告仅可能获得一不可分损害的经济损失赔偿，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方当事人或和解侵权行为人可能被事实调查人发现曾参与了一项构成原告损害法律原因的侵权行为，上述各方和和解侵权行为人需遵