Linux系统维护例行操作指导手册(2)

1、.神州数码系统集成服务有限公司密级 ：第1篇（共1篇）Linux 系统维护例行操作指导手册外包交付中心.专业专注.方案名称 ：编写 ：编写日期 ：审核 ：审核日期 ：批准 ：批准日期 ：.专业专注.修订状况修订前版章节编号章节名称修订内容简述修订日期修改人本号.专业专注.目录：1系统架构.41.1招商信诺 Linux 系统架构图 .41.2服务器概要信息 .41.3数据库信息 .42主机系统监控和预防性检查操作方法.52.1操作频率 .52.2检查硬盘灯 、电源灯等状态 .52.3查看网卡状态及重启 .52.4查看硬盘数以及分区状态 .62.5查看系统主要进程运行情况 .62.6查看活动进程

2、.62.7查看操作系统空间情况 .112.8检查操作系统日志 .122.8.1系统登录日志 ： last .122.8.2查看系统启动日志 ：dmesg .122.8.3查看 /var/log/messages系统日志 .122.8.4查看其他日志 .122.9查看操作系统性能 .122.9.1查看系统实时运行状态 .122.9.2查看系统负载情况 .142.9.3查看最近 1,5,15 分钟平均系统负载： uptime.14.专业专注.2.9.4查看当前登陆系统的用户 .152.9.5查看物理内存和Swap 空间使用率 ： free .153例行作业操作方法 .153.1操作频率 .153.

3、2操作系统备份 .153.3过期系统日志清除.164操作系统手工停止 、启动、重启操作步骤 .164.1关闭操作系统 .164.2重启操作系统 .164.3启动操作系统 .165操作系统常见需求处理方法、常见问题解决方法 .175.1系统加固 ： .175.2忘记 root 密码 .185.3配置网卡 .205.4配置防火墙 .206操作系统应急恢复方法 .20.专业专注.1 系统架构1.1 Linux 系统架构图XX 系统服务器XX 系统服务器主机备机光纤交换机磁盘阵列PS：此图只是示例，请根据实际项目系统架构情况重新绘制1.2 服务器概要信息操作系统服务器名IP 地址主要应用1.3 数据库

4、信息数据库版本Oracle 用户名SID数据库所在服务器名IP 地址端口.专业专注.注：以下各检查项，如果有监控软件能实现检查项的监控报警，就不用手工检查。否则需要手工检查 。2 主机系统监控和预防性检查操作方法2.1 操作频率每工作日检查1 次 。2.2 检查硬盘灯 、电源灯等状态硬盘灯 、电源灯正常为绿灯，如果出现黄灯或红灯说明有问题。如果电源报警灯亮可以先检查电源是否插好。如果都已插好则是电源损坏。需要通知硬件代维方更换硬件。2.3 查看网卡状态及重启重启网络服务 ：#service network restart查看网络状态 ：#ifconfigpmc2: #ifconfigeth0L

5、ink encap:EthernetHWaddr 00:1F:29:09:69:4AUP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1RX packets:6421788961 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0TX packets:9685332818 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000RX bytes:652478847531 (622252.3 Mb)Interrupt:185 Memory:f8000000

6、-f8012100.专业专注.loLink encap:Local LoopbackUP LOOPBACK RUNNINGMTU:16436Metric:1RX packets:6385721 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0TX packets:6385721 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0collisions:0 txqueuelen:0RX bytes:402215646 (383.5 Mb)TX bytes:402215646 (383.5 Mb)2.4 查看硬盘数以及分区状态#fdisklpmc

7、2:/var/log #fdisk -l255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17844 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytesDevice BootStartEndBlocksId System/dev/cciss/c0d0p112622104483+82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/cciss/c0d0p2*2631784414122741583 Linux2.5 查看系统主要进程运行情况#ps ef |grep backup2.6 查看活动进程#ps aux监听某个进程l

8、sof p 进程号pmc2: #ps -auxUSERPID %CPU %MEMVSZRSS TTYSTAT STARTTIME COMMANDroot10.00.0780304 ?S20080:49 init 5.专业专注.root20.00.000 ?S20080:01 migration/0root30.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/0root40.00.000 ?S20080:00 migration/1root50.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/1root60.00.000 ?S20080:00 migration/2root7

9、0.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/2root80.00.000 ?S20080:00 migration/3root90.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/3root100.00.000 ?S20080:01 migration/4root110.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/4root120.00.000 ?S20080:00 migration/5root130.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/5root140.00.000 ?S20080:00 migration/6root150.

10、00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/6root160.00.000 ?S20080:01 migration/7root170.00.000 ?SN20080:00 ksoftirqd/7root180.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/0root190.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/1root200.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/2root210.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/3root220.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/4root2

11、30.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/5root240.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/6root250.00.000 ?S<20080:00 events/7root260.00.000 ?S<20080:00 khelperroot270.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kthreadroot370.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kblockd/0root380.00.000 ?S<20080:08 kblockd/1root390.00.000 ?S<20080:08 kblockd/2

12、root400.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kblockd/3root410.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kblockd/4root420.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kblockd/5root430.00.000 ?S<20080:06 kblockd/6root440.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kblockd/7root450.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kacpidroot2440.00.000 ?S200899:04 kswapd0root2450.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio

13、/0root2460.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/1root2470.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/2root2480.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/3root2490.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/4root2500.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/5root2510.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/6root2520.00.000 ?S<20080:00 aio/7.专业专注.root4780.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/0r

14、oot4790.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/1root4800.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/2root4810.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/3root4820.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/4root4830.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/5root4840.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/6root4850.00.000 ?S<20080:00 cqueue/7root4860.00.000 ?S<20080:

15、00 kseriodroot5180.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kpsmousedroot10070.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/0root10080.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/1root10090.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/2root10100.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/3root10110.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/4root10120.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/5root10130.00.000 ?S<20080

16、:00 ata/6root10140.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata/7root10150.00.000 ?S<20080:00 ata_auxroot10710.00.000 ?S<20080:00 reiserfs/0root10720.00.000 ?S<20081:56 reiserfs/1root10730.00.000 ?S<20081:55 reiserfs/2root10740.00.000 ?S<20080:00 reiserfs/3root10750.00.000 ?S<20080:00 reiserfs/4root1

17、0760.00.000 ?S<20080:22 reiserfs/5root10770.00.000 ?S<20081:25 reiserfs/6root10780.00.000 ?S<20080:00 reiserfs/7root11400.00.07128700?S<s20080:00 /sbin/udevd -daemonroot18120.00.000 ?S<20080:00 khubdroot18240.00.000 ?S20080:00 shpchpd_eventroot28650.00.010516736?Ss20080:00 /sbin/resmg

18、rdroot28960.00.08296876?Ss20082:27 /sbin/syslog-ngroot28990.00.02640404?Ss20080:08 /usr/sbin/irqbalanceroot29020.00.02884668?Ss20082:34 /sbin/klogd -c 1 -x -xroot29070.00.02620520?Ss20080:00 /sbin/acpid10029410.00.0131641140 ?Ss20080:33 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon-systemroot30390.00.0134003484?Ss20080:06 /

19、usr/sbin/hald -daemon=yes-retain-privilegesroot34180.00.06012736?S20080:00 hald-addon-acpiroot35360.00.012012632?S<sl20080:00 /sbin/auditd -nroot35380.00.000 ?S<20080:00 kauditdnobody35420.00.04844672 ?Ss20080:00 /sbin/portmapdaemon35930.00.0129841044 ?Ss20080:00 /usr/sbin/slpd.专业专注.root37090.

20、00.0 1229641104 ?Ssl20082:16 /usr/sbin/nscdlp38790.00.0242844120 ?Ss20080:00 /usr/sbin/cupsdroot38930.00.000 ?S<20080:00 nfsd4root38940.00.000 ?S20080:00 nfsdroot38950.00.000 ?S20080:00 nfsdroot38960.00.000 ?S20080:00 nfsdroot38970.00.000 ?S20080:00 nfsdroot38990.00.000 ?S20080:00 lockdroot39000.

21、00.000 ?S<2008 162:34 rpciod/0root39010.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/1root39020.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/2root39030.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/3root39040.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/4root39050.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/5root39060.00.000 ?S<20080:00 rpciod/6root39070.00.000 ?S<2008

22、0:00 rpciod/7root39250.00.05928624?Ss20080:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.mountdroot39640.00.0270561464?Ss20080:11 /usr/sbin/sshd -oPidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pidroot39780.00.0202882004?S20080:06 /usr/sbin/powersaved -d -f/var/run/acpid.socket -v 3root40590.00.0213242172?Ss20080:02 /usr/lib/postfix/masterroot4090

23、0.00.07100572?Ss20080:01 /usr/sbin/cronpostfix40950.0 0.0213282160 ?S20080:11 qmgr -l -t fifo -uroot43930.00.03060704 tty1Ss+20080:00 /sbin/mingetty -noclear tty1root43950.00.03060692 tty3Ss+20080:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3root43960.00.03060708 tty4Ss+20080:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4root43970.00.03064688 tt

24、y5Ss+20080:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5root43980.00.03064692 tty6Ss+20080:00 /sbin/mingetty tty6oracle46310.00.163048 10244 ?Ssl20082:53/opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inheritroot300310.00.0286481568?Ss20080:00 login - rootroot245510.00.097202292 tty2Ss+20080:00 -bashroot239010.00.0508

25、806652?S20080:08 /opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot239140.00.0602682820?S20080:00 /opt/gnome/sbin/gdmroot239170.00.1448768312 tty7Ss+2008 118:31 /usr/X11R6/bin/X :0 -audit 0-br -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth vt7gdm239360.00.2 94228 18812 ?Ss20080:00/opt/gnome/lib64/gdm/gdmgreeterroot240770.00.08700444?Ss20080:00

26、/usr/bin/gpg-agent -sh-daemonroot240820.00.010268900 ?Ss20080:00 dbus-daemon -fork-print-pid 8 -print-address 6 -sessionroot177910.00.010268892 ?Ss20090:00 dbus-daemon -fork.专业专注.-print-pid 8 -print-address 6 -sessionoracle281980.00.161984 9096 ?Ssl20090:24/opt/oracle/product/10.2/db_1/bin/tnslsnr L

27、ISTENER -inheritoracle282050.00.22563316 19812 ?Ss20090:01 ora_pmon_orcloracle282070.00.12562144 16180 ?Ss20091:33 ora_psp0_orcloracle282090.010.8 2562140 887704 ?Ss20090:10 ora_mman_orcloracle282110.022.9 2595952 1879296 ?Ss20096:00 ora_dbw0_orcloracle282130.00.52577696 48272 ?Ss20098:24 ora_lgwr_o

28、rcloracle282150.01.22563684 102704 ?Ss200912:35 ora_ckpt_orcloracle282170.016.7 2564780 1369832 ?Ss20099:24 ora_smon_orcloracle282190.03.22563724 267828 ?Ss20090:00 ora_reco_orcloracle282210.08.52563796 698012 ?Ss20093:10 ora_cjq0_orcloracle282230.031.7 3347456 2593104 ?Ss200913:57 ora_mmon_orclorac

29、le282250.02.02562140 164608 ?Ss20090:04 ora_mmnl_orcloracle282270.00.22562988 16464 ?Ss20090:00 ora_d000_orcloracle282330.00.12563316 15680 ?Ss20090:00 ora_s000_orcloracle282370.00.42577696 33280 ?Ss20090:46 ora_arc0_orcloracle282390.00.42577696 33140 ?Ss20090:45 ora_arc1_orcloracle282430.00.2256214

30、0 17564 ?Ss20090:00 ora_qmnc_orcloracle282470.016.9 2564804 1389684 ?Ss20090:27 ora_q000_orcloracle282490.00.22562136 16768 ?Ss20090:05 ora_q001_orcloracle252970.00.32562848 31136 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle252990.00.22562272 19720 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253010.00.22562

31、268 19648 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253030.00.22562268 19632 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253050.00.22562268 19620 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253070.00.22562268 19656 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253090.00.22562268 19636 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL

32、=NO)oracle253110.00.22562268 19632 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253130.00.22562268 19624 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253150.00.22562268 19628 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253170.00.22562272 19828 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253190.00.22562268 19628 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253210.00.22562272 19652 ?SsSep030:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)oracle253230.00.22562268 19648 ?SsSep030:00 orac