英语阅读难句分析

1、破解英语长难句 注意前面的例句难度太大无论是什么种类的英语考试，让同学们头痛的事有两个，一个是单词不认识，另一个就是单词都认识，但句子却看不懂。相信只要这两个问题解决了，那所有的英语考试的难度就降低了一大半。一、 为什么英语会存在长难句?1. 名词惹的祸有名词就会存在修饰成分。名词后可能是of 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、分词、不定式或者从句，不管其后是哪种成分，一般情况下，名词后面有一堆东西，这一堆东西一定是修饰或解释这个名词的。比如说 The girl loves you. 这句话每个人都能读懂，超简单无比，但是在高考英语中这种句子如果能存在，就说明出题人今年一定是更年期了。首先，英语中只

2、要存在名词，就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。所以，The girl 后面可能跟有这些成分。比如 Liu Yan，这个东西也是名词，名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分，比如 who comes from Chongqing University. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词，又可能存在着修饰限定成分，于是又可能来对Chongqing University 做解释，which is a most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了，China后面还可能有修饰限定成分。同样的道理，you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。这样，一个所谓的长难句

3、就诞生了。The girl, liuxiaoyan, who comes from Chongqing University, which is a most important universities in China, who is my motherland, loves you .在这个句子当中，你还能找出I love you 吗? 所以有了名词的存在就有了这么复杂的限定成分。 让学生扩展句子：A professor will give us a lecture. 该句的中的两个名词都可以追加修饰成分。2. 动词惹的祸一个句子中谓语不能多，只能有一个，所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成

4、不是动词，如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢? 三种变法：A.变成to do(不定式); B.变成v-ing(现在分词); C.变成 done(过去分词)。比如说“他来看我”，不能翻译成“he comes see me”;因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语，所以see，变成了 to see，这就是动词不定式了。再如这句话，beat you is my fault. 显然is 是句子的谓语，所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了，要把它变成beating或者是to beat。也就是说，由于以上原因，英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分，除了不能作谓语。这

5、也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。3. 逗号惹的祸在汉语中，逗号完全可以连接两个并列完整的句子。比若说，“我爱你，你爱那条狗”。显然，写到作文中，是没有任何问题的。但是，译成英语：I love you, you love that dog. 是显然存在问题的，因为逗号不能连接两个完全并列的句子。所以正确说法如下：A 用连词连接两个并列的句子I love you , but you love that dog. 这样就有了英语的并列句。在英语中，并列句是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说，有并列的句子，就会考到代词指代或省略。比如：Until these issues are resolved, a t

6、echnology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 主句是有一个连词and 连接的两个并列的句子，后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected。：翻译为：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。B 用主从句来解决逗号不能连接两个并列的句子，所以把两个句子中的一个变成从句即可。即是：Although I love you, you lov

7、e that dog. / I love you if you love that dog. / I love you so long as you love that dog. (状语从句) 或I , who love you ,love that dog. (定语从句)C 用分词做状语来解决逗号不能连接两个并列的句子，那只需要把其中的一个句子变成不是句子就行了。如何把句子变成不是句子?如上所述，只需要把谓语动词变成不是动词就可以了。于是，把前面句子中的love 变成loving 就搞定了。即是：I loving you , you love that dog。综上所述，由于逗号的原因，我们

8、就有了并列句、从句和分词或动词不定式作状语。二、 如何分析长难句?知道了为什么会有长难句，那么我们就要知道如何分析这些句子的成分。首先，纠正一下同学们分析长难句的误区。那就是拿到一个句子时就开始一个一个词地来翻译，这不叫句子分析，而是字字对译。分析长难句首先需要寻找下面几个点：1. 寻找谓语动词找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢?很简单，有时态的动词就一定是谓语。然后，顺着谓语动词往前找，如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：A. 如果引导词前是个名词，那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句;B. 如果引导词前

9、是实意动词，那就说明这个从句是宾语从句;C. 如果引导词前面是系动词，那就说明这个从句是表语从句;D. 如果其前面是状语从句的引导词，那就说明这是个状语从句;如果顺着谓语动词往前找，却没有引导词存在，那说明这是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive, in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European televi

10、sion networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.该句中的谓语动词已经用蓝色体标出来。Demonstrates 前面没有引导词，它就是主句的谓语动词;is 前有引导词 that，且that 前是实意动词，所以这是宾语从句;show前有引导词that，其前是名词fact，且that在从句中显然做主语，所以这里有一个that引导的定语从句;最后一个动词是took，其前也存在着that，且that前是实意动词，所以took 所在的句子是宾语从句。综上，本题主句是一个主谓宾结构，并且宾语中又有一个定语从句和宾语从句。翻译：仅仅这一切就足以证实,电视行

11、业绝非容易生存的地方,统计数据表明,欧洲80个电视网络中,在1989年有不少于50%遭受了亏损.2. 寻找并列连词常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not onlybut also 看到这批单词，一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略问题。They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsibl

12、e for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。并列连词如上已经标出，显然第一个and 前后的两个句子是完全并列的;后面的and 前后两句话也应该是并列的，并且其前的谓语动词前有引导词in which，in which 前又是个名词，所以这是由and 引导的两个定语从句。因为存在并列，所以第二个定从和第一个相比，少了in which a person is 。综上，本句话是由第一个and 连接的两个并列的句子，并且两个句子都是主系表结构。且and 后面的句子中还有一个and 引导的两个并列定语从句，共同修饰practices。参考

13、译文 自由和尊严(they)是传统理论当中自治者（自我约束者）拥有的最宝贵的东西，一个人必须对其行为负责，他的成绩必须得到赞扬，在这些实践中，自由和尊严是必不可少的。3. 寻找引导词凡是句子前面总有一个引导词，所以只要找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句(前面已做过讲解此处不再讲述)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of

14、habitual thought in a society.【译文】 沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。【析句】 此句的主干为Whorf developed the idea，现在分词短语“Being interested in the relationship of language and thought”作状语，从句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society是the idea的同位语，说明是

15、什么样的idea。4. 寻找名词一般的长句子中，名词后只要不是谓语动词，一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。也就是说，我们只要能寻找到名词，其后的东西就确定是修饰或解释前面的名词的。The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.  &

16、#160; 参考译文得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。5. 寻找动词不定式和分词如上所述，动词只能做谓语，不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词，即分词和不定式;那就意味着分词和不定式虽然表达的意义不同，但是其在句子中所做的成分是完全一样的。也就是说，分词和不定式除了不能做谓语以外，任何成分都可以充当。As she walked round the huge department store, Edith reflected how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christm

17、as present for her father. She wished that he were as easy to please as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.6. 寻找介词有介词一般都会有介词短语，在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed

18、 sense of grievance.解析：主句为Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,”逗号之后的介词短语with the underlying assumption作伴随状语，assumption后that引导一个同位语从句，解释前面的名词assumption。翻译为：“这种行为被看作是“人之长情/归根到底还是人”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。” 7. 复杂从句找主干when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific deman

19、ds that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.Many operations that were considered impossible or too risky a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals.8. 熟悉三大从句各自的特点及判断方法（名词性从句，形容词性从句，副词性从句）英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置，而英语中定语

20、既可前置也可后置。两者的不同，主要表现在结构上，同时也表现在意义上。1. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.总所周知，海洋正在被人们过度捕捞。 上面这个例子是相对比较简单的主语从句，在实际应用中，主语从句通常以it做形式主语，而把真正的主语置后，请看下面的句子： 2. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through

21、 their phone directories.解析：It has long been known that是一个固定句式，他的意思是“长久以来人们都知道”其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句；从句本身又是一个复合句，开始是主句 a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars ，其中分词结构called AAA cars 是后置定语，修饰firm,后面的when 引导一个时间状语从句。英语中为了避免头重脚轻，通常把较长的主语放在句子后面，而以放在句首的形式主语it代替它。翻译为：“人们早已知道在客户翻

22、阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。” 3. While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions be they scie

23、ntific or artistic.此句结构较为清晰,整句话是由while 让步状语从句和主句构成的复合句。而主句中it充当形式主语,真正的主语则由两个that从句充当。此句句意为:追求自己的事业固然无可厚非,但文明在我们所从事的领域之外却积累了大量知识,了解这些人类的贡献无论是科学上的还是艺术上的,都会使我们得到进步,因而它们和追求事业同等重要。4. It is recounted of Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry, he went off immediately to visit him,

24、carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyles. 据说，Thomas Carlyle，有过这样的事情：当他听到朋友HenryTaylor患病时，马上跑去探望他，衣袋里带着一瓶他的夫人的药，这瓶药是她日前患小恙时配来吃剩的。第一段是此句的主干，主语是形式主语it（指代后面真正的that主语从句），谓语动词是is recounted , of Carlyle 是范围状语。难点在于that从句是

25、一个结构相对复杂的复合句，when引导的从句是其中的时间状语从句，其中Henry是friend的同位语；he went off immediately to visit him才是that从句里的主干。Carrying 是went off的伴随状语，它的宾语是what从句，因为长的缘故（避免头重脚轻）被后置，和carrying发生了分割；而最后面的(with him) (in his pocket )则是carrying的伴随和方式状语。formerly prescribed是过去分词短语作其前面medicine的后置定语。5. Do you remember all those years

26、when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure?解析：这个句子主句是Do you remember all those years，when引导的时间状语从句中又有两个宾语从句。翻译为：“还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？” 6. Cities can attract wild animals without turning them harmful. The core of the

27、 problem is that the government should create habitats where they can be self-sufficient but still be seen and appreciated. 可译为:政府部门应当提供适合野生动物生存的栖息地,使市民在观赏动物的同时,也给他们一席自给自足的空间。7. The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics prof

28、essor (Elshtain) at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. 此句的主语为the fact,其后that 同位语从句对所修饰名词fact做进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,该从句句意为:普通公民开始认真思考整个国家的道德氛围。谓语部分为:is reason to hope。而that new ideas will come forward to improve it 显然为动词hope的宾语从句,可翻译为:涌现新的观点以提高国民道德水

29、准。says this ethics professor (Elshtain) at the University of Chicago前后用逗号隔开,则可当作插入语。8. The years went on, then one day I was hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my three-year-old insistently cried her desire to "go park, see duck." （2

30、011，浙江，D）9. Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction really are "diseases," as many people say, but my own feeling- based, of course, not on any serious study- is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the "undeserving poor."这个句子中，but这个连词告诉了我们，这句话由两个句子构成，而考生大可在以后的考试中记住，连词的出

31、现意味着有两个句子。那么两个句子中，第一个句子非常简单，双逗号不读，得出句意：酒瘾和毒瘾都是病。but后面的句子比较复杂，但是按照步骤来，双破折号不读，that作为表语从句先安置一个标志再回头读，所以现在读出的句意为：我个人的感觉是that。请读者看下面一个例子：10. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scie

32、ntific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这个句子的主干是什么呢？按照步骤来，during引导了一个时间状语，不读，when引导时间状语，不读，所以整个句子最核心的意思就是：This trend began.这种潮流开始了。一个令人发指头疼欲裂的句子，竟然可以缩减为这样短的程度，高考阅读还有什么难的呢？但是，细心的读者一定会注意到这一点，这个句子的整体意思我看懂了，可是当问题提问细节时我该怎么办呢？这句话的细节是when引导的状语从句中套嵌一个同位语从句，同位语从句中再套定语从句，这种超级复杂的结构一旦出题，怕是有一

33、大半考生将被斩落马下吧。9. of 结构的归属The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade.10. 非谓语动词的归属The years went on, then one day I was hurrying about

34、 my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my three-year-old insistently cried her desire to "go park, see duck."11. 转折关系的句子Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction really are "diseases," as many people say, but my own feeling- based, of course, no

35、t on any serious study- is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the "undeserving poor."如果考生but后面的句子看不懂，但是依然想要理解句意，怎么办？这里笔者介绍一个方法：逻辑判断法。逻辑判断法非常简单，就是先看连词是什么逻辑，然后进行方向性的判断。比如上面的句子，but是个非常典型的转折连词，看不懂后面的句子，没关系，看懂前面的就好了，前面说酒瘾和毒瘾都是病，后面一个but，甚至都不用往后看，就知道，我肯定不这么认为。整个句意就立刻明晰了。不费吹灰之力。那么，我们可

36、以得出一个结论，以后遇到所有表示转折关系的连词，都可以用逻辑判断法推理出句意。比如，下面这句话：All of the students consider Liu Yang as a great teacher, I think he is not that perfect.前面说了所有人都认为刘旸是个非常好的老师，后面一个但是，说明，有的人不这样认为。这句话的意思就完全读出来了。 长难句练习（前31个为湖北省高考英语长难句）1. No evolutionary strategies informed them how to behave in this new landscape of mou

37、ntainous pine forest unoccupied by their king for 50 years.没有进化理论告知它们应该如何在这片松林山区的新风景中生存，尽管这片松林山区50年前曾经是它们的天下。2. If justice were done, the Swiss watch industry should have closed down when the Japanese discovered how to make accurate watches for a five-pound note.如果事事公道的话，瑞士制表工业在日本人发现如何制造精确手表并且只要花费5磅

38、就可以买到的时候就已经倒闭了。3. But when fashion moves on, the owner of that 350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex.但是随着时尚的前行，那块价值350000英镑的表的所有者在那瞬间会发现：他得到的骄傲和快乐并不比我童年获得的Timex表时的多。4. A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architect

39、s in Las Vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning.数年前，Paul Gerner在拉斯维加斯组织了一群建筑师，问他们“设计一所使用不到一半的能源，低成本，并能明显提高学生学习效率的公立学校需要些什么”。5. Green schools are appearing all over, but in Clark

40、County, which stands out for its vastness, such aggressive targets are difficult because design requirements like more natural light for students go against the realities of a desert climate.绿色学校在不断的出现，但是在Clark镇上由于其规模尤为浩大脱颖而出。实现这个宏伟目标非常困难，因为设计要求为学生提供更多的自然光，这与现实的沙漠气候相违背。6. Should we go even further i

41、n relaxing the boundaries of time until we live in a world in which every minute is much like every other?是否我们应该更进一步放松时间的边界，直到我们生活的这个世界中里的每一分钟都很相像吗？7. Parents who find older children bullying younger brothers and sisters might do well to replace shouting and punishment by rewarding and giving more a

42、ttention to the injured ones.发现年长的孩子欺负弟弟或妹妹的家长，可能通过奖励和更加关心受伤害的孩子代替斥责和惩罚伤害者的方法，效果会更好。8. However, what he didnt know was that the first sting had turned his body into a time bomb waiting for the next to set off an explosion. 然而，他并不知道的是他的第一次被蜇已经将他的身体变成了再蜇一次便随即爆炸的定时炸弹。9. Only after a weeks leave-during

43、which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-was Rudenstine able to return to work.只有在一周休息之后在此期间，他阅读小说，欣赏音乐，和妻子在海滩散步Rudenstine才能回去工作。10. We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. 我们口耳相

44、传，就好像我们不知疲倦的努力是自然的天赋，而且是一种可以很好得应付压力的能力。11. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. 这一天我们不去工作，是我们全身心享受和庆祝美好事物的一天。12. Downing the last drop of an expensive famous brand H2O as well as remembering to throw the empty bo

45、ttle in the recycling bin, makes you feel pretty good about yourself, It shouldnt. 喝下最后一滴名贵的品牌水的同时又记得把空瓶子丢进了可回收垃圾桶里，使你感觉到很舒服，不应该是这样的。13. Consider another fact that bottled water is surprisingly expensive, especially when compared with the alternative, which is almost free, and it is astonishing that

46、 Americas desire for bottled water seems impossible to satisfy, reaching nearly 30 billion bottles a year.考虑一下另一个事实，即瓶装水出人意料的昂贵，尤其当与它的几乎免费的替换物相比的时候，然而令人惊讶的是，在美国，如今每年产量已达到约300亿瓶，可瓶装水的需求好像仍无法被满足。14. I dont know how to express what it is like to watch the once handsome man you love and intend to live w

47、ith forever dying slowly.我不知道怎么来表达看着一个你爱的曾经英俊并且想要和你永远在一起的人慢慢死去的感受。15. How can a creature weighing over 5 tons and normally taking 150 kilograms of food and 120 liters of water per day survive in a desert environment?一个体重超过五吨，而且通常每天要吃掉150千克食物，喝掉120升水的生物是怎么在沙漠环境中生存的？16. We imagine a world in which a b

48、eer company could find out not only when you bought a beer but also when you drank it, and how many beers, accompanied by how many biscuits.我们可以设想这样一个世界，啤酒公司不仅可以知道你在什么时候买了啤酒，更可以知道你什么时候喝啤酒，甚至喝了多少啤酒，同时还可以知道你吃了多少饼干。17. Join the thousands of professionals and international travelers who depend on Champs

49、-Elysees, Schau ins Land, Puerta del Sol, and Acquerelo italiano to help them stay in touch with the languages and cultures they love.加入数千名专家和由Chanps Elysees, Schan ins Land, Puerta del Sol和Acquerello intaliano组成的国际旅行者，去帮助他们保持住他们热爱的语言和文化的联系。18. Designed to help you greatly improve your listening, vo

50、cabulary, and cultural IQ, these unique European audio magazines are guaranteed to give you enthusiasm and determination to study the language or your money back!为了帮助你显著提高你的听力、词汇和文化智商而设计，这些独一无二的欧洲有声杂志保证会带给你学习语言的热情和决心，或者足以使你回本。19. Have you ever received a gift that was so clearly not your taste that

51、you wondered if perhaps it had been handed to you by mistake? Worse, have you ever given a present and watched your friend look as though she had opened the wrong box?你曾经收到过这样的礼物吗？它明显不符合你的口味以至于你会想是不是送错了。更糟的是，你有没有送过这样一个礼物给朋友，然后发现你的朋友看起来好像是她开错了盒子？20. When, two weeks later, I saw the boy again, I was m

52、ore aware of my position in a society where it's not that uncommon to see a little boy who should be in school standing on the corner selling fruit in the burning sun.两个星期之后，当我又看到那个小男孩，我更加注意到我在这样一个社会中的位置，在这个社会中，一个本应该在上学的小男孩却顶着烈日站在角落里卖水果确实是很平常的事情。21. My parents had raised me to be aware of the ad

53、vantage we had been afforded and the responsibility it brought to us.我的父母教育我，让我意识到我们被给予优势的同时也带给我们的责任。22. Counting the number of miles traveled done by a product is a strange way of trying to tell the true situation of the environmental damage done by an industry.通过计算运送产品的距离来试图说明工业对环境的破坏是一种奇怪的方式。23.

54、It should be noted that a ton of butter transported 25 miles in a truck to a farmers market does not necessarily use less fuel on its journey than a similar product transported hundreds of miles by sea.应该注意到，用卡车运输一吨黄油25英里到农贸市场所耗的燃料不一定比用船运送同样的产品数百英里少。24. He knows that ninety nine percent of human con

55、versation means no more than the buzzing of a fly, but he is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure.他知道99%的人的所说的话和一只苍蝇发出的嗡嗡声没有太大区别，但是他却担心不能加入到谈话中，不能去证明他是一个人而不是一尊蜡塑。25. Birds sing loudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn others

56、not to enter the territory of theirs.在春季，当鸟类试图吸引配偶以及警告其它鸟不要进入它们的领地的时候叫得最大声。 26. In order to have no trouble with the police, he had a talk with some of the police officers, who ordered their policemen to look the other way when the car came along the road.为了不和警察产生纠纷，他和一些警官交谈了一下，这些警官命令他们下属的警察在汽车沿路开来的

57、时候看另外一边。27. The robotic vehicles, though with necessary modern equipment such as advanced computers and GPS guidance, had trouble figuring out fast enough the blocks ahead that a two-year-old human recognizes immediately,尽管是装有高级计算机和GPS导航系统这些必要的现代装备的智能车辆，也不能很快识别出一个连两岁的孩子都能立即辨别出的障碍物。28. Animals abilit

58、y to act reasonably is believed to come partly from what we may call “genetic learning”, which is different from the individual learning that an animal does in the course of its own lifetime.动物做出合理行为的能力被认为部分是来自我们所说的“遗传性的知识”，这种知识区别于动物个体在生活中所学到的那些。29. Genetic learning is learning by a species animals of the same kindas a whole, and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to act i