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1、WritingTask2Topics2-2"Preventionsbetterthancure."Outofacountry'healthbudget,alargeproportionshouldbedivertedfromtreatmenttospendingonhealtheducationandpreventativemeasures.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?3-2Whenacountrydevelopsitstechnology,thetraditionalskillsandways

2、oflifedieout.Itispointlesstotryandkeepthemalive.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?6-GBUsingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.Doyouagreeordisagree?5-2Insomecountriesyoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortravelforayearbetweenfinishinghighschoolandstartingun

3、iversitystudies.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesforyoungpeoplewhodecidetodothis.4-GBSomepeoplebelievethatchildrenshouldbeallowedtostayathomeandplayuntiltheyaresixorsevenyearsold.Othersbelievethatitisimportantforyoungchildrentogotoschoolassoonaspossible.Whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesofattendingsc

4、hoolfromayoungage?6-2Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.6-4Somepeopleprefertospendtheirlivesdoingthesamethingsandavoidingchange.Others,ho

5、wever,thinkthatchangeisalwaysagoodthing.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.3-3Inmanycountrieschildrenareengagedinsomekindofpaidwork.Somepeopleregardthisascompletelywrong,whileothersconsideritasvaluableworkexperienceimportantforlearningandtakingresponsibility.Whatareyouropinionsonthis?4-2Happ

6、inessisconsideredveryimportantinlife.Whyisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfactorsareimportantinachievinghappiness?4-4Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentsbehavior.Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?5-GBNowadaysweareproducingmoreandmorerubbish.Whydoyouthinkthishappenin

7、g?Whatcangovernmentsdotohelpreducetheamountofrubbishproduced?2-2"Preventionisbetterthancure."OutofacountrynealtHbadget,alargeproportionshouldbedivertedfromtreatmenttospendingonhealtheducationandpreventativemeasures.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Ofcourseitgoeswithoutsayi

8、ngthatpreventionisbetterthancure.Thatiswhy,inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingbodyofopinioninfavorofputtingmoreresourcesintohealtheducationandpreventivemeasures.Theargumentisthatignoranceof,forexample,basichygieneorthedangersofanunhealthydietorlifestyleneedstobecombatedbyspecialnationwidepublicitycam

9、paigns,aswellaslong-termhealtheducation.Obviously,thereisastronghumanargumentforcatchinganymedicalconditionasearlyaspossible.Thereisalsoaneconomicargumentfordoingso.Statisticsdemonstratethecost-effectivenessoftreatingaconditionintheearlystages,ratherthandelayinguntilmoreexpensiveandprolongedtreatmen

10、tisnecessary.Then,therearesocialoreconomiccosts,perhapsintermsoflossofearningsforthefamilyconcernedofunemployedbenefitpaidbythestate.Sofarsogood,butthedifficultiesstartwhenwetrytodefinewhattheprop(ofthebudgetshouldbe,particularlyifthefundswillbetrealidiivettedfromDecisionsonexactlyhowmuchofthetotalh

11、ealthbudgetshouldbespentinthiswayarenotamatterforthenon-specialist,butshouldbemadeonthebasisofanacceptedhealthservicemodel.Thisisthepointatwhichrealproblemsoccur-theformulationofthemodel.Howdoweaccuratelymeasurewhichhealtheducationcampaignsareeffectiveinbothmedicalandfinancialterms?Howdoweagreeabout

12、themedicalefficacyofvariousscreeningprograms,forexample,whenthemedicalestablishmentitselfdoesnotagree?Averyrigorousprocessofevaluationiscalledfor,sothatwecanmakeinformeddecisions.3-2Whenacountrydevelopsitstechnology,thetraditionalskillsandwaysoflifedieout.Itispointlesstotryandkeepthemalive.Towhatext

13、entdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?Overall,Idisagreewiththeopinionexpressed.Iwouldliketobeginbypointingoutthattraditionalskillsandwaysoflifearenotautomaticallyofonecountry,butofacultureorcommunity.Inmanyways,thehistoryofcivilizationisthehistoryoftechnology:fromthediscoveryoffiretotheinventionoft

14、hewheeltothedevelopmentoftheInternet,wehavebeenmovingonfrompreviouswaysofdoingthings.Sometechnologies,suchasweaponsofmassdestruction,areofnegativeimpact.Others,suchasmedicaladvances,positivelyhelppeopletolivebetterorlonger,andsoverymuchhelptraditionalwaysoflife.Surely,fewpeoplewouldseektopreservesuc

15、htraditionsaslivingincaves!Interestingly,technologycanpositivelycontributetothekeepingaliveoftraditionalskillsandwaysoflife.Forexample,thepopulationsofsomeislandsaretoosmalltohavenormalschools.Ratherthanbreakingupfamiliesbysendingchildrentothemainland,educationauthoritieshavebeenabletousetheInternet

16、todeliverschoolingonline.Inaddition,theInternet,andmodernrefrigerationtechniques,arebeingusedtokeepalivethetraditionalskillsofproducingsalmon;itcannowbeorderedfrom,anddeliveredto,anywhereintheworld.Inconclusion,withoutsuggestingthatalltechnologyisnecessarilygood,Ithinkitisbynomeans“pointless,inanywa

17、y,totrytokeeptraditionsalivewithtechnology.Weshouldnotignoretechnology,becauseitcanbeourfriendandsupportourwayoflife.6-GBUsingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.Doyouagreeordisagree?Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecompute

18、reveryday.Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.However,themainconcernisaboutthetypeofcomputeractivitiesthatattractchildren.Theseareoftenelectronicgamesthattendtobeveryintenseandrath

19、erviolent.Theplayerisusuallythe“hero3fthegameandtoomuchexposurecanencouragechildrentobeself-centeredandinsensitivetoothers.Evenwhenchildrenuseacomputerforotherpurposes,suchasgettinginformationoremailingfriends,itisnosubstituteforhumaninteraction.Spendingtimewithotherchildrenandsharingnon-virtualexpe

20、rienceisanimportantpartofachild'sdevelopmentthatcannotbeprovidedbyacomputer.Inspiteofthis,theobviousbenefitsofcomputerskillsforyoungchildrencannotbedenied.TheiradultworldwillbechangingconstantlyintermsoftechnologyandtheInternetisthekeytoalltheknowledgeandinformationavailableintheworldtoday.There

21、fore,itisimportantthatchildrenlearnatanearlyagetousetheequipmententhusiasticallyandwithconfidenceastheywillneedtheseskillsthroughouttheirstudiesandworkinglives.Ithinkthemainpointistomakesurethatyoungchildrendonotoverusecomputers.Parentsmustensurethattheirchildrenlearntoenjoyotherkindsofactivityandno

22、tsimplysitathome,learningtoliveinavirtualworld.5-2Insomecountriesyoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortravelforayearbetweenfinishinghighschoolandstartinguniversitystudies.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesforyoungpeoplewhodecidetodothis.Itisquitecommonthesedaysforyoungpeopleinmanycountriestohaveabreakf

23、romstudyingaftergraduatingfromhighschool.Thetrendisnotrestrictedtorichstudentswhohavethemoneytotravel,butisalsoevidentamongpoorerstudentswhochoosetoworkandbecomeeconomicallyindependentforaperiodoftime.Thereasonforthistrendmayinvolvetherecognitionthatayoungadultwhopassesdirectlyfromschooltouniversity

24、isratherrestrictedintermsofgeneralknowledgeandexperienceoftheworld.Bycontrast,thosewhohavespentsometimeearningalivingortravellingtootherplaces,haveabroaderviewoflifeandbetterpersonalresourcestodrawon.Theytendtobemoreindependent,whichisaveryimportantfactorinacademicstudyandresearch,aswellasgivingthem

25、anadvantageintermsofcopingwiththechallengesofstudentlife.However,therearecertainlydangersintakingtimeoffatthatimportantage.Youngadultsmayendupneverreturningtotheirstudiesorfindingitdifficulttoreadapttoanacademicenvironment.Theymaythinkthatitisbettertocontinueinaparticularjob,ortodosomethingcompletel

26、ydifferentfromauniversitycourse.Butoverall,Ithinkthisislesslikelytoday,whenacademicqualificationsareessentialforgettingareasonablecareer.Myviewisthatyoungpeopleshouldbeencouragedtobroadentheirhorizons.Thatisthebestwayforthemtogetaclearperspectiveofwhattheyarehopingtodowiththeirlivesandwhy.Studentswi

27、thsuchaperspectiveareusuallythemosteffectiveandmotivatedonesandtakingayearoffmaybethebestwaytogainthis.4-GBSomepeoplebelievethatchildrenshouldbeallowedtostayathomeandplayuntiltheyaresixorsevenyearsold.Othersbelievethatitisimportantforyoungchildrentogotoschoolassoonaspossible.Whatdoyouthinkaretheadva

28、ntagesofattendingschoolfromayoungage?Inmanyplacestoday,childrenstartprimaryschoolataroundtheageofsixorseven.However,becauseitismorelikelynowthatbothparentswork,thereislittleopportunityforchildrentostayintheirownhomeuptothatage.Instead,theywillprobablygotoanurseryschoolwhentheyaremuchyounger.Whilesom

29、epeoplethinkthismaybedamagingtoachild"development;ortoachild'relationshipwithhisorherparents,infacttherearemanyadvantagestohavingschoolexperienceatayoungage.Firstly,achildwilllearntointeractwithalotofdifferentpeopleandsomechildrenlearntocommunicateveryearlybecauseofthis.Theyaregenerallymore

30、confidentandindependentthanchildrenwhostayathomewiththeirparentsandwhoarenotusedtostrangersornewsituations.Suchchildrenfindtheirfirstdayatschoolattheageofsixveryfrighteningandthismayhaveanegativeeffectonhowtheylearn.Anotheradvantageofgoingtoschoolatanearlyageisthatchildrendevelopfastersocially.Theym

31、akefriendsandlearnhowtogetonwithotherchildrenofasimilarage.Thisisoftennotpossibleathomebecausetheyaretheonlychild,orbecausetheirbrothersorsistersareolderoryounger.Sooverall,Ibelievethat,attendingschoolfromayoungageisgoodformostchildren.Theystillspendplentyoftimeathomewiththeirparents,sotheycanbenefi

32、tfrombothenvironments.6-2Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmycountryhavebecomesta

33、rsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningt

34、hecountry.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofsportsingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof(fairnesstheissuet.Thosewhofeelthatspo

35、rtsstars'salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentisveryfew,andthemoneyisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativeshortcareer.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereisl

36、ittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.Soallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmorevalueonsportthatonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.6-4Somepeopl

37、eprefertospendtheirlivesdoingthesamethingsandavoidingchange.Others,however,thinkthatchangeisalwaysagoodthing.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Overthelasthalfcenturythepaceofchangeinthelifeofhumanbeingshasincreasedbeyondourwildestexpectations.Thishasbeendrivenbytechnologicalandscientificbre

38、akthroughsthatarechangingthewholewayweviewtheworldonanalmostdailybasis.Thismeansthatchangeisnotalwaysapersonaloption,butaninescapablefactoflife,andweneedtoconstantlyadapttokeeppacewithit.Thosepeoplewhobelievetheyhaveachievedsomesecuritybydoingthesame,familiarthingsarelivingindenial.Evenwhenpeoplebel

39、ievetheyareresistingchangethemselves,theycannotstoptheworldaroundthemfromchanging.Soonerorlater,theywillfindthatthefamiliarjobsnolongerexist,orthatthe“safepatternsofbehaviorarenolongerappropriate.However,reachingtheconclusionthatchangeisinevitableisnotthesameasassumingthat"changesalwaysforthebe

40、tter'Unfortunately,itisnotalwaysthecasethatnewthingsarepromotedbecausetheyhavegoodimpactsforthemajorityofpeople.Alotofinnovationsaremadewiththeaimofmakingmoneyforafew.Thisisbecauseitistherichandpowerfulpeopleinoursocietywhoareabletoimposechanges(suchasinworkingconditionsorpropertydevelopments)th

41、atareintheirowninterests.Inconclusion,Iwouldsaythatchangecanbestimulatingandenergizingforindividualswhentheypursueitthemselves,butthatallchange,includingthatwhichisimposedonpeople,doesnotnecessarilyhavegoodoutcomes.3-3Inmanycountrieschildrenareengagedinsomekindofpaidwork.Somepeopleregardthisascomple

42、telywrong,whileothersconsideritasvaluableworkexperienceimportantforlearningandtakingresponsibility.Whatareyouropinionsonthis?Theissueofchildrendoingpaidworkisacomplexandsensitiveone.Itisdifficulttosaywhohastherighttojudgewhetherchildrenworkingiswrongorvaluable.Opinionswillalsodifferastolearningbenef

43、its:nodoubtteachersandfactoryowners,forexample,wouldhavevaryingconcerns.Animportantconsiderationisthekindofworkundertaken.Youngchildrendoingarduousandrepetitivetasksonafactoryproductionline,forexample,arelesslikelytobelearningthanolderchildrenhelpinginanoldpeople'shome.Therearehealtandsafetyissu

44、estobeconsideredaswell.Itisanunfortunatefactthatmanyemployersmayprefertousetheservicesofchildrensimplytosavemoneybypayingthemlessthanadultsanditisthistypeofexploitationthatshouldbediscouraged.However,inmanycountrieschildrenworkbecausetheirfamiliesneedtheadditionalincome,nomatterhowsmall.Thiswascerta

45、inlythecaseinthepastinmanyindustrializedcountries,anditisverydifficulttojudgethatitiswrongforchildrentodaytocontributetothefamilyincomeinthisway.Nevertheless,inbettereconomiccircumstances,fewparentswouldchoosetosendtheirchildrenouttofull-timepaidwork.Ifleaningresponsibilitiesandworkexperiencearecons

46、ideredtobeimportant,thenchildrencanacquirethesebyhavinglight,part-timejobsorevendoingtaskssuchashelpingtheirparentsaroundthefamilyhome,whichareunpaid,butundoubtedlyofvalueinchildren'sdevelopmen4-2Happinessisconsideredveryimportantinlife.Whyisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfactorsareimportantinachieving

47、happiness?Happinessisverydifficulttodefine,becauseitmeanssomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Whilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthandmaterialsuccess,othersthinkitliesinemotionsandlovingpersonalrelationships.Yetothersthinkthatspiritualpaths,ratherthaneitherthematerialworldorrelationshipswithpeople,

48、aretheonlywaytotruehappiness.Becausepeopleinterprethappinessforthemselvesinsomanydifferentways,itisdifficulttogiveanydefinitionthatistrueforeveryone.However,ifthereareanydifferentkindsofhappinessfordifferentindividualsthenthefirststepinachievingitwouldbetohaveadegreeofself-knowledge.Apersonneedstokn

49、owwhoheorsheisbeforebeingabletoknowwhatitisthatmakeshimorherhappy.Ofcourse,factorssuchaslovingrelationships,goodhealth,theskillstoearnalivingandapeacefulenvironmentallcontributetoourhappinesstoo.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplewithouttheseconditionscannotbehappy.Overall,Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspec

50、tivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.)andwhatisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.)Likeself-awareness,thisisalsoveryd

51、ifficulttoachieve,butIthinkthesearethetwofactorsthatmaybethemostimportantforachievinghappiness.4-4Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudents'behavior.Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmode

52、rnlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.Inmanycountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdonothavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant,regardlessofpric

53、e,andtobehaveastheyplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutconsiderationforothersandwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.Whentheygettoschoolagetheyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.Theyhavelessrespectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeyschoolrulesinthewaythattheirparents

54、did.Teacherscontinuallycomplainaboutthisproblemandmeasuresshouldbetakentocombatthesituation.ButIthinkthesolutiontotheproblemliesinwiththefamilies,whoneedtobemoreawareofthefutureconsequencesofspoilingtheirchildren.Iftheycouldraisethemtobeconsiderateofothersandtobesocial,responsibleindividuals,thewhol

55、ecommunitywouldbenefit.Perhapsparentingclassesareneededtohelpthemtodothis,andhighqualitynurseryschoolscouldbeestablishedthatwouldsupportfamiliesmoreintermsofraisingthenextgeneration.Thegovernmentshouldfundthiskindofparentalsupport,becausethisisnolongeraproblemforindividualfamilies,butforsocietyasawh

56、ole.5-GBNowadaysweareproducingmoreandmorerubbish.Whydoyouthinkthishappening?Whatcangovernmentsdotohelpreducetheamountofrubbishproduced?Ithinkitistruethatinalmosteverycountrytodayeachhouseholdandfamilyproducesalargeamountofwasteeveryweek.Mostofthisrubbishcomesfromthepackagingfromthethingswebuy,suchas

57、processedfood.Butevenifwebuyfreshfoodwithoutpackaging,westillproducerubbishfromtheplasticbagsusedeverywheretocarryshoppinghome.Thereasonwhywehavesomuchpackagingisthatweconsumesomuchmoreonadailybasisthanfamiliesdidinthepast.Convenienceisalsoveryimportantinmodernlife,sowebuypackagedorcannedfoodthatcan

58、betransportedfromlongdistancesandstoreduntilweneedit,firstinthesupermarket,andthenathome.However,Ithinktheamountofwasteproducedisalsoaresultofourtendencytousesomethingonceandthrowitaway.Weforgetthateventhecheapestplasticbaghasusedupvaluableresourcesandenergytoproduce.Wealsoforgetthatitisasourceofpollutionanddifficulttodisposeof.Ithink,therefore,thatgove

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