Chapter1、Article冠词

1、Thepolicearelookingforhim.Chapter1、Article冠词A.不定冠词的意义：1.1）区别one和a,a强调后面的名词，而one强调本身个数：Itwilltakeusmorethanayear.Itwilltakeusmorethanoneyear.Canaboydothat?No,butamancan.Canoneboydothat?No,buttwoboycan.2）不定冠词有时表thesame/oneandthesameTheyarenearlyofanage.Yourshoesandmineanrasize.3） Theindefinitearticles

2、ometimesmeans“sucha"（不定冠词有时表sucha）Heisamanthatmustbetreatedkindly.Itwasasightthatwouldattractalargenumberofvisitors.2.TheRepetitionofArticle:1） ablackandawhitedogablackandwhitedogajournalistandanauthorajournalistandauthoraGermanandanEnglishDictionaryaGermanandEnglishDictinaryHebecamehusbandandf

3、atherbeforehewasoutofhisteens.A.a,aB.a,/C./,aD./,/2）Whenweregardtwothingsasawhole,weusedonlyonearticle:awatchandchainaneeldandthreadacupandsauceracarriageandfourarodandlineGivemeaknifeandfork,please.akingandqueen（对夫妇）akingandaqueen（可能是两个国家的，没有关系的两个人）Isawagentlmanandladywalkingtogether.Adoctorandnurs

4、ewereprovideforthem.（当用were时，两个人有合作关系，所以可省略一个冠词，当用was时，就是一个人（医生兼护士）B.TheuseofArticleAcatlikesfish.Thecatlikesfish.Catslikesfish.Asleepingfoxcountshensinhisdreams.Galileoclaimedthathehadinventedthetelescope.Inwinter,birdsflytothesouth.Manistheonlycreaturethathasdevelopedthepowerofspeech.Thesmallshopk

5、eeperisfindinglifeincreasinglydifficult.Thewiselooktothewiserforadvice.tthe+adj可指一类人，其中包括形容词的比较级）C.1 .TheuseofthedifinitivearticleAnnisinthegarden.（说话人与听话人都知道所指的）Pleasepassmethewine.Hiscarstruckatree;youcanstillseethemarkonthetree.2 .表方位的名词前用定冠词Thesunrisesintheeast.Iamgoingtothesouth.Iamgoingsouth.T

6、othenorthofthetown,thereisalake.Northofthetown,thereisalake.3 .序数词1）当在名词前作定语时，前加the:Thethirdroomismuchbrighterthanthefifth（room）.Doesourclasscomeoutfirstinthegame?2）当在V.后作状语时，前不加the:Therearesixmenintheroom.Oneisblind;another（orsecond）isadeaf;athirdisdamb;afourthislametheother（最后一个用）4 .HewasnotinChin

7、ainthefifties.Ithinkhe'ssomewhereinthethirties.5 .强调部位时用the:Heseizedthechild'scollar.Heseizedthechildbythecollar.Thedogbithimintheleg.Thedoglickedhishand.Theministerkissed.A. theQueen'shandB. theQueenonthehandHekissedhissonontheforehead.6 .定冠词+普通名词，表抽象折概念Thepenismighterthanthesword.（文胜于武

8、）Peteristoofondofthebottle.Hegaveuptheswordfortheplough.（弃甲归田）Heforgotthejudgeinthefather.Allthefatherroseinmyheart.theheadtheheartthestage7 .形容词最高级前加定冠词Thatisthedeepestpartoftheriver.Theriverisdeepestatthispoint.Sheisthebusiestofthefamily.Shewasbusiestlastweek.8 .世界上独一无二的东西前用thethesunthemoonD.TheOm

9、issionofArticles:1. Beforeabstractnouns:(usually)ChinesehistoryEnglishliteratureJacobisamanofgreatstrength.ExceptionAknowledgeoflanguageisalwaysuseful.Afteraswim,shehadarest.Hespokewithanenthusiasmwhichinspiredallofus.Hehadanexcitingexperience.(=anadventure)lastnight.2. beforematerialnouns(usually)R

10、awrobberlookslikemilk.Therewasaheavyrainlastnight.Sheservedeachofusacoffee.Shehasbuiltafireinthenextroom.Whenthesunorthemoonisanthehorizon,itlooksbiggerandmorebeautiful.Anewmoonishanginghighinthesky.Look?Abigredsunisrising.3.Hewenttobed.Hewenttothebed.Mysonhasgonetoschool.Hecomestotheschoolsometimes

11、tospeaktotheheadmaster.Wereturnedfromwork/school/market/church.Theyareatsea.(=inaship,butnotnecessarilyassailors)Theyareatthesea.(=attheseaside)Hegoestowork.Hegoestothework.beinoffice=holdanofficialpositionbeoutofoffice=tobenolongerinpower4. withoutdifinitearticle:1) .home,town2) .church,prison,scho

12、ol,college,university,court,market,hospital3) .bed,work(exception:cathedral,office)5. withdefinitearticle:|1) .masscommunication:thenews,theradio,thepress,thenewspaper,thetelevisionetc.What'sinthepaper(s)/ontheradio/on(the)TVthisevening?2) .recreationalplaces:thecinema,thetheatre,theconcert,thep

13、icturesetc.Mysistergoestothetheatreeverymonth.3) .Moderntransportandcommunication:thebus,thetrain,thepost(UK),themail(US),theinternet,thetelephoneetc.6. beforenamesofmeals:Iwasinvitedtodinner.(=attheirhouse,intheordinaryway)Iwasinvitedtoadinnergiventowelcomethenewambassdor.Thedinnergiveninhonourofth

14、equestswasmagnificent.Shearrivedbeforesupper.Thesupperwascold.7.It'sverycoldinwinter.Weplayfootballin(the)winter.Iwentfishingduringthesummer.(Whenregardedasapartoftheyear,itusedthedefinitivearticle)Morningisthebesttimeforwork.8.Nowheismanagerofabank.Whoismonitorofyourclass.Asapolitician,Icannota

15、cceptyourargument.Asachairmanofthecommittee,Iamnotfreetoexpressmypersonalviews.Guangzhou,capitalofGuangdongprovince,isabeautifulcity.Foshan,acityofGuangdongprovince,isabeautifulcity.9. beforepropernouns(专有名词)：LuXunistheGroky(高尔基)ofChina.(比喻时+冠词)Heisa(living)Leifeng.He'sadifferentJohnSmithformwha

16、thewastenyearsago.Theyoungergenerationwillfindithardtoimagineasemi-feudal,semi-colonialChina.两个或两个以上有关连的名词一起用时，往往不用冠词：fromlefttorightfrombeginningtoendtolivefromhandtomouthfatherandsondialoguebetweenteacherandstudentDoctor,nurse,andpatientshavebecomethebestoffriends.Chapter2、Noun名词gender词的性；number词的

17、数；case词的格、gender词的性1 .youthHalfadozedyouthswerestandingatthestreetcorner.（用做可数名词时指男青年,当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式）Theyouthtodaydon'tknowwhattheywant.2 .baby,infant,childThebabywassleepinginitscot.（因baby较小，一般不用性别区分所以用it）Watchout!Thebabyistryingtoputthetoywatchintohismouth.（父母不愿意用it来指代baby,就用hisorher）3.Theshi

18、pstruckaniceberg,whichtoreahugeholeinherside.Scotlandlostmanyofherbravestmenintowgreatrebellious.Deathwillcomewhenheisleastexpected.Isthisyousportbike?Howmuchisit?Isthatyoursportsbike?Yes,she;slovely,isn'tshe?（当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用sheorhe）Thecatisausefulanimalbecauseiteatsrats.Thecatleapedontomybedandc

19、oiledherselfhere.二、number词的数Hecaughtfivefish.Thecatlikefish.（不强调种类时不可数）threefishes（强调不同种类时可数）salmon沙纹鱼/鞋鱼/大麻哈鱼，trout鞋鱼，codI!鱼等单数复数一样sheep,deer,aircraft,craft单数复数一样EnemyaircrafthaveseenoverLonden.Craftofalltypesaretakingpartintherace.4 .没有标志的复数名词的复数people,folk（人，人们）,police,cattle,poultry（家禽），livestoc

20、k（牲畜），vermin（害虫），offspring（子孙，后代）police:Thepolicearelookingforhim.Thereareafewpoliceonguardatthegate.Severalhundredpoliceguardedthepalace（不可用fivepolice,不可具体，但可模糊）cattle:Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.Hehave20（headof）cattleonthefarm.（head不+s）fruit:Hedoesn'teatmuchfruit.（范指不可数）Thepotat

21、oisavegetablenotafruit.（指种时可数）Greecehassomewonderfulfruits.（表种类,几种时可数）Ihopetheoldmanlivestoenjoythefruitsofhislabour.（表劳动成果时可数）hair:Hisblackhairwasgoinggrey.（范指一个人的头发时不可数）Ifoundahair（twohairs）inthesoup.（用作一根根数时可数）5 .集体名词Audience,staff,family,public,committee,enemy,sheepfamilyMyfamilyisverlarge.（看做整体

22、用做单数）Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.（做家庭成员时用做复数）public:Thepublicwasconvincedfohisinnocence.（公共整体做单数）Thepublicnowknowthestory.Thepublicis（are）mitteeOurcommitteehasconsideredyourrequest.Thecommitteearedividedintheiropinion.enemyTheenemyareinflight（逃跑）.（逃跑时不是一个整体，所以用复数）Theenemyis（are）retreating（撤退）.（撤退时通常为一

23、个整体，所以用单数）sheepAflockofsheepwasgrazinginthefield.Aflockofsheepwerestrayingallovertheroadandcausingconfusionamongthetraffic.总是用做单数的：a）抽象名词：advice,knowledge,informaitionb）集体名词：baggage,luggage,furniture,rubbish总是用做复数的：a）quarters（住处）,premises（房屋）b）clothes,pajamas（睡衣）,trousers,shorts（短裤）,pants,scissors,c

24、hopsticks,pliers（钳子）,etccf:clothes-clothing,poem-poetry,novel-fiction三、case词的格1.aman;sjobthehorse，smouthwomenschothesagirls，schoolthestudentsJ_hosteltheSmiths，car*myaunts'husbandsthehusbandsofmyaunts*myfriends'jewelsthejewelsofmyfriends2.MrJoness（MrJones）houseYeats's（Yeats'）Poems3. w

25、ithclassicalnameswejustadd:Pythagoras'TheoremArchimedes'Law4. forsake:forgoodnesssakeforpeace_sakeforconsceiencesake5. withcompounds:放在最后mybrother-in-loaw'sguitarHenrytheEighth，swivesthePrinceofWales"shelicopterinayearortwo，stimeWehadanhourandahalf'stalk.AdamandEveschildren*Toma

26、ndhisbrotherschildrenTonrisandhisborther'schildrenThesonofPharaon，sdaughterwasthedaughterofPharaoh，sson4.useofthepossessivecase:所有格的用法1）DrArnold"spupilswerealwaysdiligent.（指所有的学生）Wewerepupilsof_DrArnold.（并不是全部的学生）thisdoctor"syoungwife=theyoungwifeof_thisdoctorwithsomecaseswecanonlyuseo

27、f+noun,eg:Theboysranaboutobeyingthedirectionsofamanwithawhistle.（因有withawhistle或+定从就无法用's）ItooktheadviceofacoupleImetonthetrainandhiredacar.2）HistoryofEngland（commonuse）England，shistoryNelson，slife（的一生）thelifeof_Nelson（传记，书名）today二s（今天的）oftoday（当代的，当今的）thekinglspraise（别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人，主动也可被动）Hewasp

28、leasedbythekingspraiseHeisalwayssingingtheking，spraise.Yourservice/supportisvaluable.Nobodywillbeatyourservice/support.Everybodywasexcitedatthemrderer'scapture.Everybodywassurprisedathisarrest3） assifyingpossessive:起分类作用HehasgotadoctorLsdegree.Haveyouacopyoftheteacher'sbook?(不可用of,有类别限制)meHs

29、clothingchildrenspictorial4)doublepossessive双重所有格acriticismofShow(=opinionaboutShow)acriticismofShow's(=Show'sopionaboutothers)aportraitoftheking(=portrayinghim)国王本人画的一张画像国王拥有的一张作品aportraitoftheking's(=hispossion,orpaintedbyhim)5)withemothionalimplication:lookatthatnicesonofyours(contemp

30、t)thatcleverremarkofyoursit'sthisnotoriousschemeoftheking'sChapter3、Adjectives形容词A:AttributiveAdjectiveandPredicativeAdjectives一、AttributiveAdjective1.JaneisveryyoungJaneisamerechild.Thisexpenditurewasverywasteful.Theexpenditurewasasheerwasteofmoney.asheerfraudutterignoranceaperfectstrangerp

31、erfectweather2.acertainmanhasthreesonsHewascertainthathewasright.Wehadaparticularreasonforabandoningtheproject.Heisveryparticular(=fussy)abouthisclothes.thechiefexcusethemainideatheprincipalobjectiontheonlyreason3.Heisahardworker.aheavysmoker=onewhosmokesheavilyHeisagoodthief.Sheisabadliar.anoldfrie

32、ndanewstudentalivefishThe fish isaliveInothermeaningalittlehouseThehouseissmall（*little）Asmallfamerisamanwhohasasmallfarm.Thefarmerissmall=Heisasmallmanphysically二、PredicativeAdjective1.Adjectivereferintohealth:Howisyourmother?Sheisill/unwell/well.She'sfeelingfaint/poorly.Heishealthy.Heisahealth

33、yman.（健康白勺人）Sheissick.（生病了）Sheisasickwoman.（老病号，长期有病的）He'saveryhealthy/sickman.（Itsuggestsamorepermanentstate）2.Adjectivebeginningwitha:Thatchildisafraid.It'safrightenedchild.Theseproblemsarealike.we implyThey'resimilarproblems.Thistreeisalive.It'salivingtree.Thedogisasleep.Letsleepi

34、ngdogslie.Exceptions:aloof,alert:analoofcharacter（孤僻的性格）analoofbuilding（孤零零的房子）analertmanner（机灵的举止）3.Adjectiveswithand:1）atall,dark,handsomcowboyHewastall,darkandhandsome.ablackandwhitecapared,whiteandblueflag2）Ifwesayabeautifulbigroom,alovelywarmhouse,nice/finethicksteak,thatwelikebigroom,warmhouse

35、andthicksteak.Finestrongcoffee,alovelyquietbeach,anicedrydayWhenusedpredicatively,suchpairsareseparatedbyand:Thecoffeeisfineandstrong.Thedaywasniceanddry.Thisroomisniceandwarm.（=warmtojusttherightdegree）Itwaslovelyandcool（comfortablycool）inthere.Heisgoodandstrong.（他很弓it壮；美国用法）Heisgoodandbad.(他好坏)Tha

36、troomisgoodandlong.Ihithimgoodandhard.B.1 .comparisonofequality:1) as-as:Ican'tdrinkassweetasthis.(coffee)Ican'tdrinkcoffeeassweetasthis.(后为省略定语从句)Ican'tdrinkassweetcoffeeasthis.JohnisasefficientasJack.(aworker)JohnisaworkerasefficientasJack.JohnisasefficientaworkerasJack.Manslaughterisn

37、otas/sobadasmurder.2 .comparisonofsuperiority:MybotyheristhreeyearsolderthanI.Georgedidmoreworkthananyoneelse.Heismoreofasportsmanthanhisbrother.3 .comparisonofinferiority:Heislessstupidthanhisbrother.(notsocommonasnotsoas)Thisislesssuitablethanthelasthouseyoushowedme.4 .Heisclevererthanhisbrother.H

38、eismore(=rather)clever(*cleverer)thanhonest.Heismorefrightenedthanhurt.=Heisfrightenedratherthanhurt.Heismoredeadthanalive.(半死不活)Heismoregoodthanbad.(=Itismoreaccuratetosaythatheisgoodthanthatheisbad)Iwasmoresorry(*sorrier)thanangryatwhathappened.5 .Butwithlong,tall,wide,thick,high:Thewindowsaremuch

39、widerthantheyarehigh.Thehouseismuchtallerthanitiswide.(not:thanwide)(从句不可省略主谓加强语气方法)6.Shewasmorethankindtoallofus.Iwasmorethansurprised;Iwasastonished.Itismorethanprobablethanhewillfail.Hemorethanhesitated(=almostrefused)topromisethat.Heismorethanafathertoher.parisonofsuperlative:1)Thisistheoldestth

40、eatreinLondon.(范围)Heisthetallestofthethree.Thisisthebestbeer(that)Ihaveeverdrunk.(1)最高级(2)范围(3)in,ofcf:Iwantastrongrope.Whichisthestronger(coll,strongest)ropeofthetwo?(如后面有限制性定语，前要加the)2)Sheknewthatshelookedatherbestinhisattire.(at+one's+-est)Theriverisdeepesthere.Theriverisatitsdeepesthere.Thes

41、tepsareattheirsteepestjusthere.Thepeonywasatitsbest.3)Everybodyhasbeenmostkind.Iowedherdeepest(=verydeep)gratitude.Thelettermetwiththewarmestreception.thebestfriends(最好的朋友)thebestoffriends(很好的朋友)thebestofthefriends(在这些朋友中最好的)Wepartedthebestoffriends.(我们分开时是很好的朋友)Shehadthesweetestofsmiles.(她笑的很甜)8.To

42、misthetalleststudentintheclass.Tomistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.NootherstudentintheclassissotallasTom.JohnislevererthanBob(is).BobisnotsocleverasJohn.BobislesscleverthanJohn.Heisasgoodastudentasanyteachercouldwishfor.(=Heisthebeststudentandteachercouldwishfor)Heisnotmorediligentthanyouare.(1

43、.他和你一样2.他不及你)Heisnomorediligentthanyouare.(他和你一样懒惰)凡是用nomorethan有一个前提：后面部分一定要很清楚Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.Heisnomorewoundedthanyouare.(=Youarenotwounded,norishe)Chapter4、Adverb副词1.a. Longandalongtime(p.49):Longismainlyusedinnegativeandinterrogative:Howlongwillittaketogetthere?Itwon'ttakelo

44、ng.Alongtimeisusedintheaffirmative:Itwouldtakealongtime.(cf.Itwouldtaketoolong)如long用于肯定句中，前面一定有too,so,quite等词，否则long用于否定疑问句b. position(副词的位置)1.Theysecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.Theydecidedtoleavethetownsecretly.YouknowwellthatIcan'tdrive.YouknowthatIcan'tdrivewell.Theycan'tpossiblyleave

45、now.(不可能)Theypossiblycan'tleavenow.(可能不)Heansweredthequestionsfoolishly.(放在句后,方式状语)He completely denied it.He denied it completely.Hefoolishlyansweredthequestions.(不应该回答的还回答，他很蠢，回答了这些问题尸Hewasfoolishto)（他极力否认，否认的态度，加强词）（他全盘否认，否认的方式）他内心的Bitterly,heburiedhischildren.(=hewesbittertoburiedhischildren

46、痛苦)He spoke bitterly about the treatment he received.( He bitterly regretted their departure.(=very much The expedition wes planned scientifically.( Scientifically, the expedition was a success.( You may answer the next question generally.(You generally answer questions in too much detail.( Generall

47、y, I think you have done very well.( 2.方式状语，因后面太长所以提前 ）加强语气，非常的） 这次探险以科学的方式来计划 从方面来看，角度状语 你可以总的回答下面的问题 频度副词，通常） 角度状语）,方式状语）,回答方式）1)Tomishere.(=heisinthisroom,etc.p54)Hereistome.(=Hehasjustcome.or=we'vejustfoundhim)2)Tomcomeshere.(用一般现在时表习惯=Itishishabittocometothisplace)HerecomesTom.3.yetandstill

48、p.56Is your brother here yet?(Is your brother still here?(来了 没有=Has he arrived?)走了 没有=Hasn' t he left?)Have you already seen him?(that is quick)Have you seen him yet?Do you still see him?4. surly and certainly p.59That certainly/surly plain-clothes policeman.(他肯定是个）Surely that ' s a plain-cl

49、othes policeman?(=he thinks it is, but wants assurance不肯定，希望加以确认)Surlely you could pay $10?You could pay$10, surely?Surely can express surprise:Surely that ' s Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland!(还以为一)哎呀，那不是，我“Tim failed his exam.”Surely not 译为不会吧)5. only and just p.60a. He had only

50、six apples.(He only had ' six apples.(“Oh, no! Surely not!（no在此处表惊讶，没有否定的意思，只有6个）口语中only放在动词前，然后重读所强调的词）b. He lent the car to me only.(仅，只)He only lent the car to ' me.c. I believe only half of what he said.(只）I only believedhalf of what he said.Justsignhere.(=thisisallyouhavetodo)Signjusthe

51、re.(=notinotherplace在这里签,别的地方不要签)和褒义一起用：6. fairly,rather,quite:a. usedwithadjectivesandadverbsinfavourableThis film is fairly good.( This film is quite good.( This film is rather good.( He speaks english fairly还可以，如里以80分为标准，相当于60-70分）可以，还算好，72-78分之间）推荐值得一看，85分以上）well.（=Hecancommunicateoneverythingsu

52、bjects,butmighnotabletotakepartindifficultdiscussion)b. Whenquitemeanssomewhat,itstrengthonvery,verymuch,accordingtothewayitisstress:quite'good'quite'good'quitegoodc. usedwithadjective:fast,slow,thin,thick,hot,cold,etc:Thissoupisfairlyhot.(Itsuggeststhatthespeakerlikeshotsoup)Thissou

53、pisratherhot.(alittletoohotforhim)d. Tomisfairlyclever,butPeterisratherstupid.Youdidfairlywellinyourexam,butAnndidratherbadly.Heisfairlyrich,butsheisratherpoor.e. Rathercanbeusedbeforecomparatives,andbeforealike,like,andsimilar.Itmeans“alittle",or"slightly”.Fairlycannotbesoused:Tomisrather

54、likehisuncleinsomeways.TheweatherwasratherworsethanIhadexpected.Thebottleisquite(=completely)empty.Youarequitewrong.It'squiteextraordinary,Ican'tunderstanditatall.f. quitemeansacompletely”.Whenitisusedwithawordorphrasewhichcanexpresstheideaofcompleteness:allright,certain,determined,empty,ful

55、l,finished,ready,tight,wrong,sure.Andwhenisisusedwithaverystrongadjective,adverbsuchasamazing,perfect,extraordinary,horrible.P.161Chapter5、IndefinitePronoun(不定代词)1.Everyonestartedraisinghisorherhand.(veryformal)Everyonestartedraisinghishand.(formal)Everyonestartedraisingtheirhands.(informal)Hasevery

56、onegottheirbook?Everyoneenjoysit,don'tthey?NoonesawTomgoout,didthey?Wouldanyonelendmetheirscissors?Hasanyonelefttheirluggageonthetrain?Everythingisready,isn'tit?Neitherofthemcouldmakeuphismind.(formal)Neitherofthemcouldmakeustheirmind.(colloquial)Neitherofthemknewtheway,didthey?(colloquial)2

57、. one:Thischairistoolow,I'llsitinthat(one).Whichdoyoulike?Ilikethis(one).Ilikethisblueone/theseblueones.* Ilikefreshwaterbetterthanboiledone.(水不可数,所以不应用one)* Thisbutterisbetterthantheonewegotlastweek.* Thebedismyownone.(有own就不需用one了)* Penbecameexpesiveifyoulostmanyones.(基数词后不用one)3. some:1) inaffirmativesentences:Theytooksomehoney.2) whenuseinquestions"yes"isexpected:CanIhavesomecoffee?3) inoffersandrequests:Wouldyoulikesomewine?Wi