第二章翻译的过程及中英语言差异

1、第二章 翻译的过程及中英语言差异 Teaching ObjectivesnTo learn the process of translationnTo know the major difference between English and ChineseTeaching FocusnComprehensionnAdequate ExpressionnMajor Difference between Chinese and EnglishnTeaching methods: Analysis and PracticenTime arrangement: 4 periodsReferences

2、n1. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程M. 上外教出版社,n2. 彭长江. 英汉汉英翻译教程M. 湖南师大出版社,n3. 冯伟年. 最新简明英语翻译教程M. 世界图书出版公司，2001n4. 陈宏薇. 新编汉英翻译教程M.上海外语教育出版社，2004n5. 张培基.英汉翻译教程M. 上海外语教育出版社，1983n6. 范仲英. 实用翻译教程M. 外语教学与研究出版社，1994 一翻译的过程n翻译是一项非常复杂、要求很高的工作。它既是语言的再现艺术，又具有一定的科学性。出色的翻译离不开合理的翻译过程。什么是合理的翻译过程呢？这一问题在翻译界上有各种不同的解释。奈达将翻译过程划分为四个步骤：分析、传译

3、、重组、检验。其中分析最为复杂，也最为关键。国内学者通常认为翻译过程主要包括两个阶段：n正确理解（Accurate Comprehension)和贴切的表达（Adequate Representation)。还有的学者则认为，理解、表达和审校（核对）是合理的翻译过程。笔者认为，从中国学生学习翻译的实际出发，理解、表达、审校（核对）是较为合理的翻译过程。因此，本章将着重从这三个方面讨论翻译的过程。n2.1 理解和表达是翻译的两个主要过程。理解和表达是翻译的两个主要过程。n理解与表达是不可分开的、相互联系、往返反复的统一过程。n 理解是前提，即用原语阅读，钻研原文信息，使得来的思想尽量接近原文作者

4、的原始思想。n2.1.1、准确透彻的理解是表达的前提、准确透彻的理解是表达的前提n理解要懂得作者表达的思想内容。不仅仅看懂字面意思(表层，即载体词语)，而且要知道它到底表示什么意思(深层，即载体所指)。有时载体词语和载体所指相去甚远。如：balance due 不是“到期余款”，而是“应付款额”；advertising agent 不是“广告代理人”，而是“广告公司”；travel agency (bureau) / travel agent不是“旅行代理机构或旅游局”而是“旅行社”；United Nations Relief Agency 联合国救济署；nNews Agencyn新闻社；nt

5、he Xinhua News Agencyn新华通讯社。ndrive through “开着车停在快餐店窗口购买食品”；ntrade in “以旧换新”；nwalk-in patient “没有预约来看病的病人”。n在理解的过程中，分析是一个相当重要的环节。整个理解过程是双向的，首先要从整体到局部，然后从局部到整体。也就是先进行宏观分析，再进行微观研究。分析、理解往往涉及多方面知识的掌握，如上下文的理解，文化背景知识、语言知识（包括语法结构、语义理解）掌握的程度等。比如下面的例句：n1）It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce fo

6、r the gander.n译文1：我觉得煮鹅用什么酱油，煮公鹅也要用什么酱油。n译文2：我认为应该一视同仁。2）Make sure your child uses the bathroom before class.(the previous sentence is: If you have young children in class, there are a few things you can do to make your child more comfortable and help class move more smoothly)n3) A: 几点了？ B: 都20了，还不快

7、点。n译文：Whats the time?n“Its already twenty past the hour. So hurry up, then.” (通过上下文可得知“20”指时间，而汉语口语很少把晚上8点说成是20点。这只可能指“分”，在双方都清楚的情况下，把“钟点”省掉了。) 4) 身体好，学习好，工作好。译文：Keep fit, study well and work hard.5) He will never be well again until he gets over the delusion that he has an incurable disease.只有当他克服了

8、患有不治之症的幻觉，他才能恢复健康。6)阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口吐沫，说：“这毛虫!”译文: Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” (鲁迅阿Q正传，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)7) A: You alone here? B: Im saving myself for you.译文：A: 你一个人？ B: 我在等你呀。8) The old man stood from the chair.译文1： 老人从椅子上站了起来。译文2： 老人站了起来。 n9) A few minutes before Kissin

9、ger boarded the aircraft, four senior Chinese officials entered the plane. They were Zhous welcoming party; they had been in the capital for three days, but had remained in seclusion. (the state of being secluded 隐居，深居简出）n译：他们是周总理派来专程迎接他的人员。n理解的过程是双向的，首先是从整体到局部，然后从局部到整体。所以分析时先宏观，再微观。例：n10）I had not

10、known him for 20 years without learning that he always kept in the upper-left pocket of his waistcoat the little book in which he put down his engagements.n我认识他已有20年之久，知道他马甲左上方的那个口袋里，总是放着一个小本本，里面写着他的约会安排。n（This is double negation used for emphasis)nNobody had nothing to eat.n =Everyone has something

11、 to eat. n每个人都有吃的。 nMore examples to illustrate the importance of the process of comprehending and analyzing the materials. n1. can / could not.toon表示“无论怎样也不过分”。例如:nYou cannot be too careful when crossing the street. n穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。nYou can never be too careful in performing an experiment.n做实验越仔细越

12、好。nn2. can / could not.enough意为“无论怎么都不够”,表示强烈的肯定。例如:nI cannot thank you enough. n我对你感激不尽。nYou cant be careful enough. n你越小心越好。 2. 1.2 理解过程中要选择合乎逻辑的表达 1) I could not recollect his name to save my life.译文1：救我的命我不能想起他的名字。 译文2：我怎么也想不起他的名字。2) These books have long been out of print. You cant get them for

13、 love or money. 译文1：这些书已绝版，用爱情和金钱也弄不到它们。 译文2：这些书已绝版，无论如何，你也弄不到它们。试译下面句子：He is lying on his side.She is standing on her head.He is man of the moment.(the one of importance at the time in question当前的红人，眼下要人)3）路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadwa

14、y clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. n(鲁迅一件小事，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）n如译成white roadway 或pure roadway都属于逻辑上的搭配不当，既然是“路上浮尘早已刮净”，自然是“clean roadway”。4) You can have this over my dead body.除非我死，否则你休想得到这东西。2.2.3 理解原作涉及到的典故及专门术语。 1) In modern operations tin is generally deposited on the steel plate by elect

15、rolytic action. 在现代工艺中， 一般是用电镀法将锡镀在钢片上。 n2) 你这是在班门弄斧。nYou are showing off your proficiency with an axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.n2.2.4 表达不要拘泥于形式上的忠实表达不要拘泥于形式上的忠实n 1) I had an auto-repair man once.n 我以前认识一位汽车修理师。（如把“had”译成“有”，保存了形式，从表层到表层，虽通顺，但没忠实原意。)从文章的上下文可看出，这个教授并没有汽车修理师。因而把“had”改译为“认识”，

16、较为贴切，符合原意 2) May I have one of your pictures? 3) Here is the money for your good service. Just keep the change. 4) Young people are not content to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.年轻人们不满意站在那里观看艺术品，他们希望自己能参与艺术。 n2.2.5 表达时注意有时词同义不同表达时注意有时词同义不同nIm afraid因自己说出的话对方不爱听

17、，而表示委婉的歉意。nin fact 常用来作进一步的说明。 n1） “Do you think I have to stay in bed, Dr. Frank?”n “Im afraid so.” n（我看是这样的）n2) I dont like roast beef! I never eat roast beef! In fact, I hate roast beef! n我不想吃烤牛肉，我从来都不吃，说实在的，烤牛肉我简直讨厌透了！3) Of all Jeffersons many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and

18、 tireless writer. 在杰弗逊的许多才能中，很重要的一种才能就是：他是一位优秀、勤奋的作者。 （因为大家都知道，美国第三任总统杰弗逊并不是写文艺作品等的文学家。而“writer”不仅指写文艺作品的作家，还包括写政论性文章和学术论文的人。）n2.2.6 表达时要求意似而不求形似表达时要求意似而不求形似nWhy dont you come at three tomorrow afternoon? n2) Are you on natural gas? n你是用煤气吗？ (natural gas是“天然气”，但家用的燃气汉语一般都叫“煤气”，不叫“天然气”。)n3) We shall

19、all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.n我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿。4）Why dont you come in and have a cup of coffee?进来喝杯咖啡好吗？（Why dont you.相当于I suggest that come in and have a cup of coffee）2.2.7 表达时采用翻译准则表达时采用翻译准则彻底弄清了原文的意思以后，不妨把原文先放在彻底弄清了原文的意思以后，不妨把原文先放在一旁，考虑一下，表达这种意思，在这样的场合一旁，考虑一下，

20、表达这种意思，在这样的场合，操译语的人会怎么说，然后进行翻译。，操译语的人会怎么说，然后进行翻译。也就是说先把得来的思想（acquired thought）变成自己的思想然后再进行表达。这样就可以摆脱原文表达形式的束缚，使译文既能表达出愿意，又符合译语的表达习惯，达到通顺易懂，使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。n1）Ignorance of the law excuses no man. / n 谁也不能以不懂法律来替自己辩解。n2）When times were hard, they were blamed for working for lower wages and taking

21、 jobs away from white men.n 在艰难岁月里，有人指责他们以低工资出卖劳力，从而把白人给顶了。 3）Its an experience I wouldnt trade for anything in the world. 这是我最宝贵的一次经历。这是我最宝贵的一次经历。4）I prefer driving to being driven. 和坐车相比，我更喜欢开车。和坐车相比，我更喜欢开车。5）I have been without my keys for two days. 我的钥匙丢了两天了。我的钥匙丢了两天了。6）I hope shell always feel

22、like a daughter of America, and not like a stepchild. 我希望她一直把美国看作是自己的亲妈，而我希望她一直把美国看作是自己的亲妈，而不是后娘。不是后娘。n7）Dont lose time in posting this letter.n 赶快把这封信寄出去。赶快把这封信寄出去。n8）My mother had no suspicion that my happiness was so near.n我母亲对于我的幸福即将来到一无所知。我母亲对于我的幸福即将来到一无所知。（have a suspicion 对某事有所觉察，对某事有所觉察，有点怀疑

23、）有点怀疑）n9）She always treated us with suspicion. n他总是对我们疑神疑鬼的。他总是对我们疑神疑鬼的。n10）I have a suspicion that youre right. n 我隐约觉得你是对的。我隐约觉得你是对的。n2.2.8 审校或核对是否漏译，误译，文理审校或核对是否漏译，误译，文理是否通顺，做到精益求精。例：是否通顺，做到精益求精。例：n2) Babies were satisfactorily born.n原译：孩子们令人满意地降生了。原译：孩子们令人满意地降生了。n改译：孩子已生，一切顺利。改译：孩子已生，一切顺利。n3）She

24、 was dancing gracefully in the room.n原译：她正在房间里非常优雅地跳着舞。原译：她正在房间里非常优雅地跳着舞。n改译：她正在房间里跳舞，舞姿非常优雅。改译：她正在房间里跳舞，舞姿非常优雅。Practice in Classn1) The English arrived in North America with hopes of duplicating the exploits of the Spanish in South America, where explorers had discovered immense fortunes in gold an

25、d silver. Although Spain and England shared a pronounced (very strong or noticeable) lust (strong desire) for wealth, differences between the two cultures were profound.n译：当年西班牙探险者在南美洲发现译：当年西班牙探险者在南美洲发现了大批金银财宝。英国人来到北美洲了大批金银财宝。英国人来到北美洲的动机也的动机也如出一辙如出一辙。尽管两国对财富。尽管两国对财富的贪欲同样强烈，但是两国在文化上的贪欲同样强烈，但是两国在文化上却存

26、在着巨大的差异。却存在着巨大的差异。n2) My mother is not a bargain shopper. She does not cut out coupons or compare products or prices; she is impatient-if she likes something, she buys it. My father, therefore, has always done our food shopping. He compares products and prices, looks for sales and bargains, and buys

27、 only what he needs. He has also always taken care of our household finances and is the bookkeeper and accountant of the family. nMy father says that my mother has champagne tastes with a beer pocketbook, and she says that hes cheap, but there is a happy compromise-she spends and he saves.n “It must

28、 be love,” I say about this odd couple. They may be very different, but they are also very compatible. Learning from each other ensures the success of their partnership.n译： n 我母亲卖东西不爱讨价还价。她不剪优惠券，也不比较产品或价格；她是个急性子-喜欢什么，就买什么下来。因此总是父亲为我们采购食品。他比较产品和价格，寻找减价商品和特价品，只买需要的东西。我们家的财务也总是由他来管，他是家里的薄记员兼会计师。父亲说母亲只有

29、买啤酒的钱却想喝香槟，母亲则说他吝啬。好在有一种美满的折中的办法-母亲花钱，父亲省钱。n n“这一定是爱，这一定是爱，”我这样评价这奇特的一我这样评价这奇特的一对。他们可能很不相同，可他们却琴瑟和对。他们可能很不相同，可他们却琴瑟和谐。相互学习确保了他们的伴侣关系得以谐。相互学习确保了他们的伴侣关系得以成功。成功。(21世纪大学实用英语世纪大学实用英语I) Check homeworkn1. Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles.n如今一个没有勇气的政治家就像一个没有原则如

30、今一个没有勇气的政治家就像一个没有原则的政治家一样无所作为。的政治家一样无所作为。n2. The face is the index of the mind.n心中有事，必形于色。心中有事，必形于色。n3. A down-to-earth man would have succeeded.n如果脚踏实地，就不会失败了。如果脚踏实地，就不会失败了。n4. Forgive me for conferring the title of grandfather on a man who earned it only through marriage, but never having had a ch

31、ild to call him father, Tom is doubly grateful for the role of grandfather.n原谅我把祖父的头衔加在一个只有通过婚姻关原谅我把祖父的头衔加在一个只有通过婚姻关系才能获得的男子头上，但是汤姆会对没有儿系才能获得的男子头上，但是汤姆会对没有儿子喊他父亲就当上祖父表示加倍感激。子喊他父亲就当上祖父表示加倍感激。n5. You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed.n你很执拗，他是头犟驴，而我却意志坚强。你很执拗，他是头犟驴，而我却意志坚强。n6. He has t

32、he reputation of being a blood-sucker.n他是臭名昭著的吸血鬼。他是臭名昭著的吸血鬼。n7. Good fortune lieth within bad, bad fortune lurketh within good.n祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏。祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏。n(lie, lurk潜藏潜藏, 潜伏潜伏, 埋伏埋伏)n8. At twenty years of age the will reigns; at 30 the wit; at 40 the judgement.n二十立志，三十有智，四十有识。二十立志，三十有智，四十有识。n9. The e

33、nd does not justify the means.n即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。即使目的正当，也不能不择手段。n10. Dont mistake an old goat for a preacher because of his beard.n老羊长长须，并非传教士。（年高未必才高，老羊长长须，并非传教士。（年高未必才高，不能只看外表。）不能只看外表。）n11. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef. n在田里放牧的叫牛，我们在餐桌上吃的叫牛肉。在田里放牧的叫牛，我们在餐桌上吃的叫牛肉。n12. Friend

34、ship cannot stand always on one side.n友谊总是双方的事。友谊总是双方的事。n13. Say that again and Ill part with you once and for all.n你再这样说，我就跟你永远分手。你再这样说，我就跟你永远分手。n14. Reports of new successes keep pouring in.n捷报频传。捷报频传。 15. We excel at making a living but often fail in making a life.n善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。n

35、16. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.n要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自吃一吃。要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自吃一吃。n17. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.n一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。没水吃。n18. Water is king in Californian farmlands.n水是加利弗尼亚农田的命脉。水是加利弗尼亚农田的命脉。 二中英语言的差异 形合与意合（形合与意合（Hypotactic vs.

36、Paratactic)n所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语造句主要采用形合法(Hypotaxis)。所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接， 句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语造句主要采用意合法（Parataxis)。 1. 英语的形合法n英语的形合法是指英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语分句或从句， 注重显性接应（overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整， 注重以形显意。英语中的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties)不仅数量大， 种类多， 而且用得十分频繁。英语里边关系词和

37、连接词很多。关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从 句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连接词，如and , or , but, yet ,so ,however as well as, (n)either (n)or 以及when, while, as since, until, so.that, unless, lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。 英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词， 汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。如：nIt had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell t

38、o those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.n那是个天气晴朗金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期， 黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。n 介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一， 是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。据统计，英语里边各类介词共约286个， 包括简单介词（如with， in, of），合成介词（如 inside, onto, within), 成语介词

39、（如according to, along with, apart from)。英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词。如：n1）This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. strong in the chair.n这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。n2）The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and ped

40、estrian peace of mind.n当前，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。n3) Chang of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.n本节内容如有更改， 均见本书目录。n除关系词、连接词和介词等连接手段外，英语中还有很多其他的连接手段，如形态变化形式， 包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化（如性数格时体语态语气比较级人称等）及其保持前后一致的关系

41、（grammatical and notional concord）,广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系， 以及使用it 和there作替补词（expletives）起连接作用等。n英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长短句子， 表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。而汉语里边此类的连接手段要少得多。如：n1) He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of

42、age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.n他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天 十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。n2）Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them

43、?n炮手用科学毁坏了人体， 而就在附近， 外科医生用科学使其恢复健康， 还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦？ 2. 汉语的意合法n汉语的意合法是指，汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段， 注重隐性连贯（covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序， 注重功能意义注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多：没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词；介词数量少， 大约只有30个， 而且大多是从动词“借来”的。高名凯指出， “汉人平常说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词，只是把事情或意思排列起来，让人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所 生的关系如何。不过这并不是说汉人说话不合逻辑, 因为不

44、加虚词, 我们也知道这句话的意思。” 汉语没有词的形态变化，没有替补词，代词也用的较少。总之，汉语尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置， 重意合而不重形合，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间。如：n1）打肿脸充胖子， 吃亏是自己。nIf you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.n2) 人到事中迷， 就怕没人提。nWhen a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint.n3) 不怕慢， 只怕站。nIts better to move ahead slowly

45、 than just to mark time.n4)不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜?nIf you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey ?n5) 问遍千家成行家。nLearn from numerous advisers , and youll become a master.n6）上梁不正下梁歪。nIf the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant/ When those above behav

46、e unworthily, those below will do the same.n7) 我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激， 比起他来，也只是小巫见大巫，算不得什么。nWhat little pain and adversity Ive experienced so far are simply nothing compared to what hes gone through.n英语注重形合，注重结构形式，常常借助各种连接手段， 因此比较严谨（preciseness) ；汉语重意合，注重功能，意义，常常不用或少用连接手段， 因而比较简洁(conciseness)。因此英译汉时往往先分析句子的结

47、构形式， 才能确定句子的功能和意义； 汉译英时往往先分析句子的功能和意义， 才能确定句子的结构形式。如：n1) 他这时已是将近六旬的人，一表人才，高个 儿， 眉清目秀，头发又多又黑， 略带花白， 恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。nHe was at this time in his late fifties, a tall, elegant man with good features and thick dark only sufficiently greying to added to the distinction of his appearance.n2）原来悟空手疾眼快，正在那混乱之时，他拔

48、下一根毫毛， 叫声“变！” ，就变作他的本相。nAs Sun Wukong was deft of hand and quick of the eye, he plucked one of the hairs from his body in the midst of the fray and shouted “change!”, it changed into his own double.n英语和汉语都有形合句和意合句。 一般地说，英语形合句多，汉语意合句多。现代汉语受西方语言的影响，形合句比古代汉语多。英语和汉语两种语言之间的差异还有很多，但形合与意合之间的差异是两者之间最主要的差异。T

49、ranslation exercisesn1. If children are accorded the respect as adults, they can be counted on to display comparable manners.n2. The tribute accorded him was fully deserved.n n3. Old age should be regarded as a reward for a lifetime of hard work, but it can only be a punishment if one insists on doi

50、ng the same things one has always done, measuring the present achievements with the past ones, and inevitably falling short. n4. As your future husband has chosen a field of endeavor where the risks are as high as the potential rewards, be prepared to offer him any support necessary to achieve his g

51、oals; only then will you have earned the right to share in his success.n5. Honest and courageous people could be quieted when they came to realize that outspoken opposition was fruitless, the dishonest could band together to divide spoils.n6. I have found since that time there are countless people o

52、ver the country willing to commit themselves in the same way, without thinking of personal reward.n7. I remember thinking that, second only to governmental reorganization, improving the criminal justice system in my state could be my greatest contribution as governor.n8. He seemed delighted to come back south to work at improving Georgias prison system with the full backing of my administratio